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[23] Smena. 1989, February 9.
[24] Sungurov A.Yu. Etudes of political life of Leningrad-St. Petersburg. 1987–1994 [Etyudy politicheskoi zhizni
Leningrada-Peterburga. 1987–1994 gg]. Saint Petersburg, St. Petersburg center «Strategy» [Sankt-Peter-
burgskii tsentr «Strategiya»], 1996, 196 p.
[25] Central state archive of St. Petersburg (CSA SPb). F. 7384. Оp. 60. D. 9.
[26] CSA SPb. F. 7384. Оp. 62. D. 488.
[27] CSA SPb. F. 7384. Оp. 62. D. 524.
[28] CSA SPb. F. 7384. Оp. 62. D. 531.
[29] CSA SPb. F. 7384. Оp. 62. D. 546.
[30] CSA SPb. F. 7384. Оp. 62. D. 549.
[31] CSA SPb. F. 7384. Оp. 63. D. 982.
[32] Orttung R.W. From Leningrad to St. Petersburg: democratization in a Russian city. New York, St. Martin
Press, 1995, 332 p.
DISCoURSE STRATEGIES
K.G. Isupov
tHe Poet-PHilosoPHer (to 200 anniversary of M.yu. lerMontov)
Lermontov’s metaphysics is considered. It is understood as poet’s judgment of the irrational objects, phenomena
of religious and mystical inspiration and a generalization of the God. The destiny mythologema, important for
romantic consciousness, is examined. It is established that the hero of the Lermontov’s novel knew the antique
model of not cancellable fate and not guessed mission that defines Pechorin’s life as total failure and tragic fault.
Images of the game, dramatized life in concepts «life = a scene», «people = actors», «people = dolls» and others
of this row are investigated. It becomes clear that «character-director» involves neighbors into a disastrous circle
of his game, appearing at the same time as a player and as a toy of circumstances.
Key words: intuitive knowledge, Providence, psychology of vital direction, the game psychology, the romantic
character, the destiny, staging of life.
References:
[1] Ilyin V.N. Secret vision at Pushkin and Lermontov (1962) [Tainovidenie u Pushkina i Lermontova (1962)]
// V.N. Ilyin. Fire of the worlds. The chosen articles from the «Vozrozhdeniye» [V.N. Il’in. Pozhar mirov.
Izbrannye stat’i iz zhurnala «Vozrozhdenie»] / Originator and introductory article A.P. Kozyreva. Moscow,
Progress-Tradition, 2009, 752 p.
[2] Lovejoy A.O. Great chain of life: History of idea (1938) [Velikaya tsep’ bytiya: Istoriya idei (1938)]. Moscow,
The House of the Intellectual Book (HIB) [Dom intellektual’noi knigi (DIK)], 2001, 376 p.
[3] Lermontov M.Yu. Collected works: In 4 Vol. Vol. 1. Moscow, The art literature [Khudozhestvennaya litera-
tura], 1975, 647 p.
[4] Lermontov M.Yu. Collected works: In 4 Vol. Vol. 1. Moscow, The art literature [Khudozhestvennaya litera-
tura], 1976, 543 p.
[5] M.Yu. Lermontov: pro et contra. The personality and Mikhail Lermontov’s creativity in an assessment of the
Russian thinkers and researchers. Anthology [Lermontov: pro et contra. Lichnost’ i tvorchestvo Mikhaila
Lermontova v otsenke russkikh myslitelei i issledovatelei. Antologiya] / Originator V. M. Markovic, G. E.
Potapova; introductory article of V. M. Markovic, G. E. Potapova and N. Yu. Zavarzina’s comments, St. Pe-
tersburg, RHGI, 2002, 1080 p.
[6] M.Yu. Lermontov: pro et contra. The personality and ideological and art heritage of M. Yu. Lermontov in
estimates of domestic and foreign researchers and thinkers. Anthology [Lermontov: pro et contra. Lichnost’
i ideino-khudozhestvennoe nasledie M.Yu. Lermontova v otsenkakh otechestvennykh i zarubezhnykh issle-
dovatelei i myslitelei. Antologiya] / Originator, S. V. Savinkov, K.G. Isupov’s comments; introductory article
of S. V. Savinkov. Vol. 2. St. Petersburg, RHGA, 2014, 1089 p.
[7] Pumpyansky L.V. Сlassical tradition. Meeting of works on stories of the Russian literature [Klassicheskaya
traditsiya. Sobranie trudov po istorii russkoi literatury], Moscow, Languages of the Russian Culture [Yazyki
Russkoi Kul’tury], 2000, 847 p.
K.S. Pigrov, K.V. Sultanov
age as tHe Personification of tiMe (MetaPHysics of HuMan life)
The object of the article is the philosophic consideration of the ways of the reasoning of time ontology through
the human existence – the understanding of time “on inside of” the human being. Interpreting the age as a
dimension of our personal spending of life, we conceive the methodical premises for the comprehension of the
ultimate being grounds. Accordingly, such a methodology enables us to find meaning in our own life in prospect
of the universal. The problem of the age, which we deal with in the realistic meaning of our personal unique life,
is developed as a question of the meaning of time, of its personification.
The age is not reduced to the definition of a human life by the number of the years, but it includes the subjective
experience of the own being finiteness. The age constantly reminds us of nothingness, so that the age experience
is patently or latently related to the existential fear and its negotiation. Person’s belonging to the true being is de-
fined by the domination of human age over natural age. In this domination, which is apprehended as an attribute
of modernity, modern European perceives his freedom and finds the personal human sense of his age.
Key words: Being, age, time, death, existential fear of nothingness, modernity, patiently, hopeful.
Su
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References:
[1] Aksenov G. P. About scientific loneliness of Vernadsky [O nauchnom odinochestve Vernadskogo] // Philoso-
phy Questions [Voprosy filosofii]. 1993, № 6, pp. 74–87.
[2] Aristotle. Metaphysics. A.V. Kubitsky’s translation [Aristotel’. Metafizika. Perevod A.V. Kubitskogo] // Aristo-
tle. Compositions in 4 t. T.1. Moscow, Thought [Mysl’], 1975, pp. 65–367.
[3] Bloh E. Principle of hope [Printsip nadezhdy] // Utopia and utopian thinking. Anthology of foreign literature
[Utopiya i utopicheskoe myshlenie. Antologiya zarubezhnoi literatury]. Moscow, Progress, 1991, pp. 49–78.
[4] Weber M. Protestantskaya ethics and spirit of capitalism. M.I. Levina’s translation [Protestantskaya etika i
dukh kapitalizma] // M. Weber. The chosen works. Moscow, Progress, 1990, pp. 61–272.
[5] Gaidar E.T. Days of defeats and victories [Dni porazhenii i pobed]. Moscow, Vagrius, 1997, 367 p.
[6] Dante Alighieri. Divine comedy. M. Lozinsky’s translation [Bozhestvennaya komediya. Perevod M. Lozinsk-
ogo]. Moscow, However [Pravda], 1982, 640 p
[7] Democritus. Texts. Translation. Researches [Demokrit. Teksty. Perevod. Issledovaniya]. Leningrad, Science
[Nauka], Leningrad office [Leningradskoe otdelenie], 1970, 664 p.
[8] Dostoyevsky F.M. Pushkin (sketch). It is said on June 8 in a meeting of Society of fans of the Russian lit-
erature [Pushkin (ocherk). Proizneseno 8 iyunya v zasedanii Obshchestva lyubitelei rossiiskoi slovesnosti] //
Dostoyevsky of F.M. of PSS in 30 vol, Vol. 26. Leningrad, Science [Nauka], 1984, pp.136–149.
[9] Condorcet J.A. Sketch of a historical picture of progress of human reason. I.A. Shapiro’s translation. The third
Russian edition with introductory article Yu.I. Semenova [Eskiz istoricheskoi kartiny progressa chelovechesk-
ogo razuma. Moscow, State historical publicistic library of Russia [Gos. istor. publ. b-ka Rossii], 2010, 233 p.
[10] Newton I. Mathematical beginnings of natural philosophy. The translation with Latin and A.N. Krylov’s
notes [Matematicheskie nachala natural’noi filosofii]. Moscow, Science [Nauka], 1989, 688 p.
[11] Pigrov K.S. Social philosophy [Sotsial’naya filosofiya]. St. Petersburg. St.Petersburg State University [SP-
bGU], 2005, 296 p.
[12] G. Leibniz and S. Clark’s polemic concerning philosophy and natural sciences (1715–1716) [Polemika G.
Leibnitsa i S. Klarka po voprosam filosofii i estestvoznaniya (1715–1716 gg.)]. Leningrad, LSU publishing
house [Izdatel’stvo LGU], 1960,136 p.
[13] Tibetan book of the dead Bardo Tkhedol. A. Bochenkov’s translation [Tibetskaya kniga mertvykh Bardo
Tkhedol]. Moscow, Eksmo, 2005, 400 p.
[14] Tillikh P. Favourites. Culture theology [Izbrannoe. Teologiya kul’tury]. Moscow, Lawyer [Yurist], 1995, 380 p.
[15] Toporov V. N Yuga // Myths of people of the world. Encyclopedia. Vol. 2 [Mify narodov mira. Entsiklope-
diya]. Moscow, Publishing house Soviet encyclopedia [Sovetskaya entsiklopediya], 1992.
[16] Freud S. Totem and taboo. M. Woolf’s translation [Totem i tabu] // Works of different years. Kniga1. Vol.6
[Trudy raznykh let], 1990, pp. 193–350.
[17] Fukuyama F. Trust [Doverie]. Moscow, Ermak, 2004, 732 p.
[18] Tsiolkovsky K.E. Monizm Universe [Monizm Vselennoi]. Kaluga, Edition of the author, 1925, 32 p.
[19] Engels F. Work role in the course of transformation of a monkey into the person [Rol’ truda v protsesse pre-
vrashcheniya obez’yany v cheloveka] // Marx K., Engels F. Compositions, 2nd edition, Vol. 20.
[20] Epicurus. The letter to Menekey. M. L. Gasparov’s translation [Pis’mo k Menekeyu]. URL: www.ancien-
trome.ru/antlitr/t.htm? a=1358238790 (13.09.14).
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forschung. B., N.Y., 1989, Bd. 18, pp. 432–439.
N.V. Nikiforova
History of tecHnology in russia: researcH traditions and sHifts
The article offers a general overview of historiography of science and technology in Russia. It covers the period
from the nineteenth century to the present day. In the nineteenth century institutional division between disci-
plines had not yet been established, and history of science and technology did not form a separate self-sufficient
disciplinary field, and was put in service for economics, politics and state interests. Soviet historiography will
be described in the light of interrelation between the Communist ideology and strategies implemented by the
scholars. This is the period when history of science and technology was institutionalized. In the last section recent
trends, methodologies, styles, themes, emerging institutions and publications in science and technology studies
in Russia will be introduced.
Key words: historiography of science and technology, philosophy of technology, Russian cosmism.
References:
[1] Alexandrov D. A. Social history of domestic science and equipment [Sotsial’naya istoriya otechestvennoi
nauki i tekhniki] // Questions of history of natural sciences and equipment [Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniya i
tekhniki]. 1995, № 1, pp. 21–23.
[2] Glinoyetsky N. P. History of the Russian General Staff [Istoriya Russkogo general’nogo shtaba]. Saint Pe-
tersburg, printing house of the Staff of troops of Guard and Petersburg military district [Tip. Shtaba voisk
Gvardii i Peterb. voen. okr], 1883–1894.
[3] Grigoriev V. V. Emperor’s Saint-Petersburg University during the First Fifty Years [Imperatorskii S.-Peter-
burgskii universitet v techenie pervykh pyatidesyati let ego sushchestvovaniya]. Saint Petersburg, V. Bezo-
brazov’s and Co printing house [Tip. V. Bezobrazova i K°], 1870, 679 p.
[4] Zubov V. P. Alberti’s Architectural Theory [Arkhitekturnaya teoriya Al’berti]. Saint Petersburg, Aleteiya,
2001, 461 p.
[5] Ioyrysh A.I. Soviet Atomic Project: Destinies. Documents. Fulfillments [Sovetskii atomnyi proekt: Sud’by.
Dokumenty. Sversheniya]. Moscow, Unity, 2008, 355 p.