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428
KULĞTURA AZERBAYDJANA V SREDNİE VEKA
REZÖME
V naçale XXI stoletiə azerbaydjanskoe obhestvo,
istoriçeskaə nauka Azerbaydjana vnovğ okazalisğ pered
neobxodimostğö reşeniə rəda znaçitelğnıx, ostrıx problem.
Neobxodimostğ sozdaniə edinoy, stabilğnoy, obcektivnoy
konüepüii istorii Azerbaydjana, sootvetstvuöhey i otrajaöhey
istoriçeskie realii, osobenno aktualğna dlə naşey stranı,
zavoevavşey v naçale 90-x qodov proşloqo veka politiçeskuö
nezavisimostğ. No sozdanie gtoy konüepüii nevozmojno bez
kompleksnoqo, uqlublennoqo issledovaniə istorii kulğturı (v
çastnosti srednevekovoy kulğturı) azerbaydjanskoqo naroda.
Dannaə monoqrafiə əvləetsə suhestvennom şaqom v gtom
napravlenii issledovaniy v azerbaydjanskoy istoriçeskoy nauke.
Vpervıe v azerbaydjanskoy istorioqrafii qlavnımi
obcektami issledovaniə əvləetsə kulğtura Azerbaydjana vseqo
srednevekovğə osnovnıe gtapı eё gvolöüii, qlavnıe napravleniə i
osobennosti eё razvitiə. Monoqrafiə sostoit iz vvedeniə, şesti
qlav, zaklöçeniə, spiska ispolğzovannıx istoçnikov i literaturı. V
pervoy qlave monoqrafii raskrıta
istoçnikovaə baza
issledovaniə, opredelena stepenğ
izuçennosti
temı v
istorioqrafii, v iskusstvovedenii, v kulğturoloqii, v
literaturovedenii, v filosofii, kratko rassmotrena gvolöüiə
azerbaydjanskoy kulğturı doislamskoqo perioda. V posleduöhix
qlavax truda v xronoloqiçeskoy i tipoloqiçeskoy
posledovatelğnosti issledovana kulğtura Azerbaydjana
srednevekovğə. Pri gtom maksimalğno uçtenı soüialğno-
gkonomiçeskie, politiçeskie, reliqiozno-ideoloqiçeskie faktorı,
povliəvşie na kulğturnuö jiznğ stranı i naroda na kajdom is-
toriçeskom gtape razvitiə.
429
V xode issledovaniə bıli vıpolnenı nijesleduöhee nauçnıe
zadaçi:
1)
İssledovanı metodoloqiçeskie problemı teorii i istorii
kulğturı Azerbaydjana, opredelenı sostavnıe glementı kulğturı
azerbaydjanskoqo naroda, kratko proslejena istoriə gvolöüii
azerbaydjanskoy kulğturı do VII stoletiə;
2)
opredelenı qlavnıe gtapı gvolöüii srednevekovoy
kulğturı Azerbaydjana posle VII veka;
3)
rassmotrenı i analizirovanı soüialğno-gkonomiçeskie,
politiçeskie, reliqiozno-ideoloqiçeskie faktorı, suhestvenno
povliəvşie na kulğturnuö jiznğ srednevekovoqo Azerbaydjana na
kajdom gtape eё razvitiə;
4)
opredelenı suhestvennıe, znaçitelğnıe osobennosti
razvitiə literaturı, literaturnoqo əzıka, prosveheniə, filosofii,
nauki, miniatörnoy jivopisi, kalliqrafii, muzıki, arxitekturı,
folğklora, dekorativno-prikladnoqo iskusstva Azerbaydjana
issleduemoqo istoriçeskoqo perioda, rolğ i mesta gtix glementov
kulğturı v srednevekovom azerbaydjanskom obhestve;
5)
dan kritiçeskiy analiz problem Vozrojdeniə
(Renessansa),
Vostoçnoqo Renessansa, azerbaydjanskoqo
Renessansa, «evroüentrizma» i «vostokoüentrizma»;
6)
predprinəta popıtka opredeleniə osnovnıx gtapov
gtnoqenetiçeskoy gvolöüii azerbaydjanskoqo naroda.
Proüess gvolöüii srednevekovoy azerbaydjanskoy kulğturı
ne znala gtniçeskix i politiçeskix qraniü. V teçenie stoletiy
Azerbaydjan bıl üentrom mnoqix qosudarstv-imperiy i imenno
gto obstoətelğstvo sposobstvovalo razvitiö, vliəniö kulğturı
azerbaydjanskoqo naroda na oqromnom prostranstve Blijneqo i
Sredneqo Vostoka. Srednevekovıy Azerbaydjan bıl obcektom i
aktivnım subcektom v qlobalğnom, reqionalğnom proüesse
vzaimovliəniə kulğtur. V teçenie srednevekovğə azerbaydjan-
skiy narod sozdal oriqinalğnıe, nepovtorimıe obrazüı vostoçnoy,
islamskoy i törkskoy kulğturı, voşedşie v sokrovihniüu kulğturı
çeloveçestva.
Proüess gvolöüii azerbaydjanskoy kulğturı rassmatrivaetsə
v monoqrafii s pervıx desətiletiy VII veka, t.e. s momenta
430
arabskix zavoevaniy, islamizaüii mnoqix narodov (v tom çisle
azerbaydjanskoqo naroda) Blijneqo i Sredneqo Vostoka.
İslamizaüiə naseleniə Azerbaydjana, vovleçenie eqo v
musulğmanskuö kulğturno-istoriçeskuö sistemu, razvitie naroda
v teçenie dlitelğnoqo vremeni v predelax edinoqo qosudarstva
(Arabskoqo Xalifata, a vposledstvii qosudarev Sadjidov,
Salaridov, Şeddadidov, Ravvadidov, Şirvanşaxov, Atabekov-
Glğdenizidov, Xulaquidov-Glğxanidov, Djelairidov, qosudarstv
Kara-koönlu i Ak-koönlu, qosudarstv Sefevidov) bıli
suhestvennımi faktorami, sodeystvovavşimi eqo gtniçeskoy i
kulğturnoy konsolidaüii. Azerbaydjanskiy narod stal aktivnım
subcektom v proüesse sozdaniə, formirovaniə i razvitiə
«musulğmanskoy
kulğturı». Baxmanər
alğ-Azerbaydjani,
Afzaladdin Xaqani Şirvani, Nizami Qəndjevi, Abubekr Adjemi-
Naxçivani, Safiaddin Urmavi, Nasiraddin Tuey, Şams Tebrizi,
Abdulkadir Maraqi, Fazlullax Naymi, İmadeddin Nasimi,
Maxmud Şabustari, Muxammed Fizu-li, Şax İsmail Xatai, Saib
Tebrizi i mnoqie druqie predstaviteli azerbaydjanskoy literaturı,
iskusstva i nauki proslavili svoö stranu i oboqatili sokrovihniüu
mirovoy kulğturı svoimi tvoreniəmi. Arxitektura i miniatörnaə
jivopisğ, kalliqrafiə, dekorativno-prikladnoe iskusstvo, folğklor,
muzıka Azerbaydjana issleduemoqo istoriçeskoqo perioda
zanimali veduhie poziüii v sisteme kulğturı Blijneqo i Sredneqo
Vostoka.
S konüa XV stoletiə naçalsə novıy gtap obnovleniə sistemı
kulğturnıx üennosti azerbaydjanskoqo naroda. Azerbaydjanskoe
qosudarstvo Sefevidov, voznikşee v 1501-om qodu, v teçenie
vseqo XVI stoletiə obespeçilo uspeşnoe razvitie kulğturı naroda.
Avtor monoqrafii, issledovav osnovnıe
napravleniə i
osobennosti razvitiə kulğturı Azerbaydjana, prişёl k takomu
vıvodu, çto XVI vek bıl kaçestvenno novım gtapom v
gtnoqenetiçeskoy i kulğturnoy gvolöüii azerbaydjanskoqo
naroda, gtapom Vozrojdeniə (Renessansa) sobstvennıx
(törkskix), antiçnıx kulğturnıx üennosti gtnosa v novıx
istoriçeskix usloviəx. Azerbaydjanskoe Vozrojdenie bılo
sostavnoy çastğö bolee qlobalğnoqo kulğturno-istoriçeskoqo
431
proüessa
–
obhetörkskoqo Renessansa (Vozrojdeniə).
Oriqinalğnıe
obrazüı
literaturı,
miniatörnoy jivopisi,
dekorativno-prikladnoqo iskusstva, nauki, folğklora XVI stoletiə
neoproverjimo dokazıvaöt gtu istoriçeskuö istinu. Osobenno
vajnım faktom kulğturnoy jizni Azerbaydjana XVI veka bılo
rezkoe povışenie roli törkskoqo əzıka v predelax i za predelami
Sefevidskoy imperii, plohadğ kotoroy prevışala vremenami 2
milliona kvadratnıx kilometrov.
S konüa XVI veka Azerbaydjan pod vozdeystviem
obcektivnıx priçin utratil veduhie poziüii v soüialğno-
gkonomiçeskoy, politiçeskoy sisteme Sefevidskoqo qosudarstva.
Strana snova prevratilasğ v arenu osmano-sefevidskix voyn.
Vozvrahenie v 30-x qodax XVII stoletiə territoriy Azerbaydjana,
zavoevannıx k konüu XVI veka osmanami, v sostav qosudarstva
Sefevidov, malo sodeystvovalo razvitiö kulğturı naroda. XVIII
vek
primeçatelen v istorii Azerbaydjana politiçeskoy
razdroblennostğö i gto obstoətelğstvo okazalo neqativnoe vliənie
na kulğturnuö jiznğ stranı. Kratkovremennoe pravlenie Nadir
şaxa Afşara (1736-1747) ne bılo v silax priostanovitğ obc-
ektivnıy proüess raspada oqromnoqo, no oslabevşeqo qosu-
darstva. Oslabevşiy, razdroblennıy v politiçeskom otnoşenii
Azerbaydjan s pervıx desətiletiy XVIII stoletiə prevratilsə v
obcekt
«polzuçey»
aqressii Rossiyskoy imperii. No
mnoqovekovaə istoriə gvolöüii kulğturı Azerbaydjana, boqatıy
kulğturnıy
potenüial naroda bıli
mohnımi osnovami,
obespeçivşimi uspeşnoe razvitie kulğturı naroda i v novom
(XIX) stoletii.
432
CULTURE OF AZERBAIJAN IN MIDDLE AGES
RESUME
In the beginning XXI century the Azerbaijan society, a
historical science of Azerbaijan again appeared before necessity
of sdution of some significant, acute problems. Necessity of cre-
ation of the uniform, stable, objective concept of a history of
Azerbaijan corresponding and reflecting historical realities is
especially actual for our country which have won political inde-
pendence in the beginning of the 90
s
years of the last century.
But creation of this concept is impossible without the complex,
profound research of a history of culture (in particular medieval
culture) of the Azerbaijan people. The given monograph is an
essential step in this direction of researches in the Azerbaijan
historical science.
For the first time in the Azerbaijan historiography the
main object of research is the culture of Azerbaijan of all Middle
Age the basic stages of its evolution, mainstreams and features
of its development. The monograph consists of the introduction,
six chapters, the conclusion, the list of the used sources and the
literature. In the first chapter of the monograph the source base
of research is opened the degree of a level of scrutiny of a theme
in a historiography, in art criticism, in cultural science, in liter-
ary criticism, in philosophy is determined, evolution of the Az-
erbaijan culture of the properiod is briefly considered. In the
next chapters of work in chronological and typological sequence
the culture of Azerbaijan of the Middle Ages is investigated.
Thus the social and economic, political, religious - ideological
factors which have influenced on cultural life of the country and
people at each historical stage of development are taken as much
as possible into account.
During research below-mentioned scientific problems
have been executed:
1)
Methodological problems of the theory and history of
culture of Azerbaijan are investigated, components of culture of
Azerbaijani people are determined, the history of evolution of
433
the Azerbaijan culture up to VII centuries is briefly tracked;
2)
The main stages of evolution of medieval culture of
Azerbaijan after VII century are determined;
3)
Are considered and analyzed the socio-economic, po-
litical, religious - ideological factors which have essentially in-
fluenced on cultural life of medieval Azerbaijan at each stage of
its development;
4)
Essential, significant features of development of the li-
terature, literary language, education, philosophy, science, tiny
painting, calligraphy, music, architecture, folklore, arts and
crafts of Azerbaijan of the researched historical period, a role
and places of these elements of culture in a medieval Azerbaijan
society are determined;
5)
The critical analysis of problems of Renaissance, East
Renaissance, the Azerbaijan Renaissance, "eurocentrism" and
"eastcentrism" is given;
6)
Attempt of definition of the basic stages of ethnogenet-
ic evolution of Azerbaijani people is undertaken.
Process of evolution of medieval Azerbaijan culture did
not know ethnic and political borders. Within centuries Azerbai-
jan was the center of many state - empires and this circumstance
promoted development, influence of culture of Azerbaijan peo-
ple on huge space of near and the Middle East. Medieval Azer-
baijan was the object and the active subject in global, regional
processes of interference of cultures. During the Middle Ages
the Azerbaijani people has created the original, unique samples
of eastern, Islamic and Turkic culture including in pearls of cul-
ture of mankind.
Process of evolution of the Azerbaijan culture is consid-
ered in the monograph from the first decades of the VII century,
i.e. from the moment of the Arabian gains, Islamization of many
peoples (including the Azerbaijan people) of near and Middle
East. Islamization the population of Azerbaijan, involving in
Muslim cultural - historical system, development of people for a
long time within the limits of the uniform state (Arabian Caliph-
ate, and subsequently the states of Saji, Salari, Shaddadi, Rav-
434
vadi, Shirvanshah, Atabey-Eldanisi, Hulaku-Elkhani, Jalairi, the
states the Garagoyunlu and Aghgoyunlu, the states Sefevidov)
were the essential factors assisting ethnic and cultural consolida-
tion. Azerbaijan people became the active subject during the
creation, formation and development of «Muslim culture».
Baxmaniar al-Azerbaijani, Afzalladdin Khagani Shirvani, Ni-
zami Ganjavi, Abybakr Ajami Nakhchivani, Safiaddin Urmavi,
Nasiraddin Tusi, Shams Tabriz, Abdulgadir Maragai, Fazlullah
Naimi, Imadaddin Nasimi, Mahmud Shabustari, Mohammed Fi-
zuli, Check Shah Ismail Khatai, Sahib Tabrizi and many other
representatives of the Azerbaijan literature, art and a science
have glorified the country and with the creations have enriched
pearls of world culture. The architecture and tiny painting, a cal-
ligraphy, arts and crafts, folklore, music of Azerbaijan of the re-
searched historical period took leading positions in the system of
culture of the Near and Middle East.
From the end of the XV of century began a new stage of
updating of system a cultural value of the Azerbaijani people.
The Azerbaijan state of Sefevid which has arisen in the year
1501 during all XVI century has provided a successful devel-
opment of culture of the people. The author of the monograph,
having investigated the basic directions and features of devel-
opment of culture of Azerbaijan, has come to such a conclusion,
that the XVI century was qualitatively new stage in ethno genet-
ic and cultural evolution of Azerbaijan people, a stage of Re-
naissance own (Turkic), antique a cultural value of ethos in new
historical conditions. The Azerbaijan Revival was a component
of more global cultural - historical process - all Turkic of the Re-
naissance (Revival). Original samples of the literature, tiny
painting, arts and crafts, a science, folklore of the XVI century
are incontestable proves for this historical true. Especially im-
portant fact of a cultural life of Azerbaijan of the XVI a century
was a sharp increase of role of Turkic language in limits and
outside Sefevid empire which area exceeded from time to time
to 2 million square kilometers.
435
From the end of the XVI a century Azerbaijan under in-
fluence of the objective reasons has lost leading positions in so-
cial and economic, political system of the state Sefevid. The
country has again turned to arena Ottoman-Sefevid wars. Re-
turning in 30th years of XVII century of territories of Azerbaijan
won by end XVI of a century by Ottoman turks, in structure of
the state Sefevidov, promoted development of culture of people
a little. XVIII the century is remarkable in a history of Az-
erbaijan political dissociation and this circumstance rendered
negative influence on a cultural life of the country. Short-term
rale of Nadir shah Afshar (1736-1747) was not able to suspend
objective process of disintegration of the huge, but the weak-
ened state. Weakened, shattered in political aspects Azerbaijan
since the first decades of XVIII century has turned to object of
"creeping" aggression of Russian empire. But the centuries-old
history of evolution of culture of Azerbaijan, rich cultural poten-
tial of people were the powerful bases which have provided suc-
cessful development of culture of people in new (XIX) century
too.
Kompüter yığımı: Nailə Məmmədova, Səbinə Məmmədova,
Ramilə Şıxəliyeva, Ruqiyyə Talıbova, Rəhilə Kazımova,
Pərvanə Məmmədova
Kompüter dizaynı: Elmar Məhərrəmov
Yığılmağa verilmişdir: - 5 yanvar 2008-ci ildə.
Çapa imzalanmışdır: - 16 aprel 2008-ci ildə.
Sifariş: №
Formatı: 60/90 –
1
/
16
. Həcmi: 27,38 ç.v. Tirajı: 500.
Qasımov Xeyirbəy Sabir oğlu
Orta əsrlərdə Azərbaycan mədəniyyəti
Bakı, ??, 2008
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