Electronic engineering

Recommended Books:

1. Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet. Exercises 2. 3^rd Edition. Oxford University Press 1986. ISBN 0 19 431350 6.

3. 
   Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Chrisitine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand and Francoise Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1993. ISBN 019 435405 7 Pages 45-53 (note taking).
   
4. 
   Writing. Upper-Intermediate by Rob Nolasco. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 435406 5 (particularly good for writing memos, introduction to presentations, descriptive and argumentative writing).
   
5. 
   Reading. Advanced. Brian Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1991. ISBN 0 19 453403 0.
   
6. 
   Reading and Study Skills by John Langan
   
7. 
   Study Skills by Riachard York.
   

Semester III
Technical Writing and Presentation Skills
Objectives: Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking
Course Contents:
Presentation skills:
Essay writing:

Descriptive, narrative, discursive, argumentative

Academic writing:

How to write a proposal for research paper/term paper

How to write a research paper/term paper (emphasis on style, content, language, form, clarity, consistency)
Technical Report writing:
Progress report writing:
Note: Extensive reading is required for vocabulary building
Recommended Books:
Technical Writing and Presentation Skills

a) Essay Writing and Academic Writing

1. Writing. Advanced by Ron White. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 435407 3 (particularly suitable for discursive, descriptive, argumentative and report writing).

2. 
   College Writing Skills by John Langan. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. 2004.
   
3. 
   Patterns of College Writing (4^th edition) by Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. St. Martin’s Press.
   

2. 
   Presentation Skills
   
3. 
   Reading
   

The Mercury Reader. A Custom Publication. Compiled by northern Illinois University. General Editors: Janice Neulib; Kathleen Shine Cain; Stephen Ruffus and Maurice Scharton. (A reader which will give students exposure to the best of twentieth century literature, without taxing the taste of engineering students).
Pakistan Studies

(Compulsory)

Introduction/Objectives:

• 
  Develop vision of historical perspective, government, politics, contemporary Pakistan, ideological background of Pakistan.
  
• 
  Study the process of governance, national development, issues arising in the modern age and posing challenges to Pakistan.
  

Course Outline:

1. 
   Historical Perspective
   

1. 
   Ideological rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
   
2. 
   Factors leading to Muslim separatism
   
3. 
   People and Land
   
   1. 
      Indus Civilization
      
   2. 
      Muslim advent
      
   3. 
      Location and geo-physical features.
      

2. 
   Government and Politics in Pakistan
   

Political and constitutional phases:

1. 
   1947-58
   
2. 
   1958-71
   
3. 
   1971-77
   
4. 
   1977-88
   
5. 
   1988-99
   
6. 
   1999 onward
   

3. 
   Contemporary Pakistan
   
   1. 
      Economic institutions and issues
      
   2. 
      Society and social structure
      
   3. 
      Ethnicity
      
   4. 
      Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges
      
   5. 
      Futuristic outlook of Pakistan
      

Recommended Books:

1. 
   Burki, Shahid Javed. State & Society in Pakistan, The Macmillan Press Ltd 1980.
   
2. 
   Akbar, S. Zaidi. Issue in Pakistan’s Economy. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000.
   
3. 
   S.M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring. Pakistan’s Foreign policy: An Historical analysis. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993.
   
4. 
   Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Political Roots & Development. Lahore, 1994.
   
5. 
   Wilcox, Wayne. The Emergence of Bangladesh., Washington: American Enterprise, Institute of Public Policy Research, 1972.
   
6. 
   Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Kayyun Toota, Lahore: Idara-e-Saqafat-e-Islamia, Club Road, nd.
   
7. 
   Amin, Tahir. Ethno - National Movement in Pakistan, Islamabad: Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad.
   
8. 
   Ziring, Lawrence. Enigma of Political Development. Kent England: WmDawson & sons Ltd, 1980.
   
9. 
   Zahid, Ansar. History & Culture of Sindh. Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1980.
   
10. 
    Afzal, M. Rafique. Political Parties in Pakistan, Vol. I, II & III. Islamabad: National Institute of Historical and cultural Research, 1998.
    
11. 
    Sayeed, Khalid Bin. The Political System of Pakistan. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967.
    
12. 
    Aziz, K.K. Party, Politics in Pakistan, Islamabad: National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research, 1976.
    
13. 
    Muhammad Waseem, Pakistan under Martial Law, Lahore: Vanguard, 1987.
    
14. 
    Haq, Noor ul. Making of Pakistan: The Military Perspective. Islamabad: National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research, 1993.
    

Annex “C”

COURSES FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE
Sociology and Development
Objectives: The main objective of this course is to apprise potential engineers about social factors that contribute towards enhancing their professional performance for the good of society and the country. This course is culture specific and has to be taught within the context of local and national socio-economic environment. The engineers are expected to supervise several people in different capacities and their understanding about human behaviour is critical for their optimum performance. Modification of human behaviour or getting work done from sub-ordinates and seniors remain a major challenge for all the professional engineers. This course will enhance understanding about the determinants of human behaviour, which ultimately will result in improved individual efficiency.
Course Contents:
1. Introduction to Sociology

1. 
   What is sociology?
   
2. 
   Nature, scope, and importance of sociology
   
3. 
   Social interactions
   
4. 
   Social groups
   
5. 
   Social institutions
   

2. Culture and Related Concepts

2.1 Definition of culture

2.2 Types of culture

2.3 Elements of culture

2.4 Role of culture in organization

2.5 Socialization and personality

3. Interpersonal Relations

3.1 Interpersonal behaviour

3.2 Formation of personal attitudes

3.3 Language and communication

3.4 Motivations and emotions

3.5 Public opinion

4. Social Stratification

4.1 Factors of social stratification

4.2 Caste and class

4.3 Power, prestige, and authority

4.4 Social mobility

4.5 Migration

5. Human Ecology

5.1 Ecological processes

5.2 Ecosystem and energy

5.3 Ecosystem and physical environment

5.4 Solid waste disposal

5.5 Pollution

6. Population Dynamics

6.1 World population growth and distribution

6.2 Population dynamics in Pakistan

6.3 Causes and consequences of urbanization

6.4 Population policy in Pakistan

6.5 Population and development

7. Community Development

7.1 Meaning, scope, and subject matter of community development

7.2 Processes of community development

7.3 Community development programs in Pakistan

7.4 Community organization and related services

7.5 Cooperation and conflict in community development

8. Deviance and Crime

8.1 Crime as a social and cultural phenomenon

8.2 Crime and social organization

8.3 Organized crime

8.4 Culture based crime

8.5 Economics of crime

9. Sociology of Change and Development

9.1 What is social change and development?

9.2 Dynamics of social change

9.3 Role of NGOs in development

9.4 World system and development

9.5 Gender and development

Recommended Readings:

1. 
   Allport, G. W. (1985). The Historical Background of Modern Social Psychology. New York, Random House.
   
2. 
   Bernard, A. and T. Burgess (2004). Sociology, Cambridge University Press.
   
3. 
   DuBrin, A. J. (2007). Human Relations: Interpersonal Job Oriented Skills. New York, Prentice Hall.
   
4. 
   Gardezi, H. N., Ed. (1991). Understanding Pakistan: The Colonial Factor in Societal Development. Lahore, Maktaba Fikr-o-Danish.
   
5. 
   Hafeez, S. (1991). Changing Pakistan Society. Karachi, Royal Book Company. Gardezi, H. N., Ed. (1991).
   
6. 
   Jones, G. W. (2005). "Why are Population and Development Issues not Given Priority?" Asia-Pasific Population Journal 20(1).
   
7. 
   Macionis, J. J. (1999). Sociology 7^th Edition, National Book Foundation, Islamabad
   
8. 
   Maser, C. (1997). Sustainable Community Development: Principles and Concepts. Plorida St. Lucie Press.
   
9. 
   Nelson, N. and S. Wright (1995). Power and Participatory Development: Theory and Practice. London, Intermediate Technology Publications.
   
10. 
    Syed, S. H. (2003). The State of Migration and Multiculturalism in Pakistan: The Need for Policy and Strategy. Islamabad, UNESCO: 1-30.
    
11. 
    Utton, A. E. (1976). Human Ecology, West View Press.
    
12. 
    Webster, A. (1990). Introduction to Sociology of Development. London, Nacmillan Education Ltd.
    
13. 
    Weiss, A. M. (2001). Power and civil society in Pakistan, Oxford University press.
    

Social Anthropology
Objectives: The students are expected to learn anthropological skills for application by professional engineers and other related practitioners. Societal growth needs are to be understood within our own cultural environment. Such a body of applied knowledge will result in improving the professional performance of would-be engineers. As culture and society play an important role towards all human activities, this course will help students relate technical skills to the societal needs and requirements.
Course Contents:
I Introduction

1. 
   Anthropology and social anthropology
   
2. 
   Fields of anthropology
   
3. 
   Anthropological research methods
   
4. 
   Social anthropology and other social sciences
   
5. 
   Significance of social anthropology
   

II Culture

1. 
   Definition, properties and taxonomy
   
2. 
   Evolution of growth and culture
   
3. 
   Evolution of man: Religious and modern perspectives
   
4. 
   Evolution of culture
   
5. 
   Culture and personality
   

III Evolution and Growth of Culture

1. 
   Evolution of man
   
2. 
   Schools of thought in cultural anthropology
   
3. 
   Acculturation
   
4. 
   Enculturation
   
5. 
   Ethnocentrism and xenocentrism
   

IV Language and Culture

1. 
   Communication
   
2. 
   Structural linguistics
   
3. 
   Historical linguistics
   
4. 
   Relationship between language and culture
   
5. 
   Ethnography
   

V Economic System

1. 
   Global economic system
   
2. 
   The allocation of resources
   
3. 
   The conversion of resources
   
4. 
   The distribution of goods and services
   
5. 
   Poverty and inequality
   

VII Marriage and Family

1. 
   Marriage and mate selection
   
2. 
   The family: Types and functions
   
3. 
   Kinship system
   
4. 
   Structure and function of family
   
5. 
   Gender Relations
   

VIII Political Organization

1. 
   Political sociology
   
2. 
   Origin of political organization and organizational system
   
3. 
   Types of political organizations
   
4. 
   Power politics and factionalism in Pakistan
   
5. 
   Resolution of conflict
   

IX Religion and Magic

1. 
   The universality of religion
   
2. 
   Comparative religions
   
3. 
   Religion and society
   
4. 
   Religious beliefs and practices
   
5. 
   Witchcraft and sorcery
   

XI Culture Change

1. 
   Forms of art
   
2. 
   Expressive culture
   
3. 
   Process of cultural change
   
4. 
   Cultural change in the modern world
   
5. 
   Cultural change in Pakistani society
   

Recommended Books:

1. 
   Ahmad, Akbar S. 1990. Pakistani Society, Karachi, Royal Books Co.
   
2. 
   Bernard, H. Russel. 1994. Research Methods in Anthropology, Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. London: Sage Publications
   
3. 
   Bodley, John H. 1994. Cultural Anthropology, California: Mayfield Publishing Co.
   
4. 
   Brogger, Jan. 1993. Social Anthropology and the Lonely Crowd. New Delhi: Reliance Publishing
   
5. 
   Ember, Carol R. & Ember Melvin. 2005. Anthropology, 11^th ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, Ince. Harper and Row
   
6. 
   Harris Marvin. 1987. Cultural Anthropology. New York: Harper and Row
   
7. 
   Harris Marvin. 1985. Culture, People, nature; An Introduction to General Anthropology London: Harper and Row
   
8. 
   Haviland, W. A. (2005). Anthropology: The Human Challenge. New York, Thomson Learning Inc.
   
9. 
   Hertzler J. O. 1981. The Social Structure of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   
10. 
    Keesing, Roger m. 1998. Cultural Anthropology: A contemporary perspective. 3^rd ed. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
    
11. 
    Kottak, Conard Phillip. 2002. Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity. 9^th ed. Boston: McGraw Hill Higher Education.
    
12. 
    Kennedy, Charles H. 1992. Pakistan London: Westview Press,.
    
13. 
    Marron, Stanley. 1057. Pakistani Society and Culture. New Heaven
    
14. 
    Wilson, Richard A. 1996. Human Rights, Culture and Context: Anthropological Perspective. London: Pluto Press.
    

Understanding Psychology and Human Behaviour
Course Contents:

• 
  Introduction to psychology?
  
• 
  Nature, scope and application with special reference to Pakistan
  
• 
  Different schools of psychology
  
• 
  Methods of psychology
  
• 
  Learning
  
• 
  Intelligence and artificial intelligence
  
• 
  Personality and its assessment
  
• 
  Understanding maladjustive behaviour
  
• 
  Positive emotional states and processes
  
• 
  Stress management and anger management
  

Recommended Books:

1. 
   Atkinson R.C., & Smith E.E. (2000), Introduction to Psychology (13^th ed.), Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
   
2. 
   Fernald, L.D., & Fernald, P.S. (2005), Introduction to Psychology, USA: WMC Brown Publishers.
   
3. 
   Hergenhahn, B.R. (2001). An Introduction to the History of Psychology, New York: Wadsworth.
   
4. 
   Goodwin, C.J, (2000) Research in Psychology: Methods and Design, (3^rd ed.), New York: John Wiley & Sons.
   
5. 
   Synder, C.R., & Lopez, S.J. (2007) Positive Psychology, USA, Sage Publications.
   
6. 
   Allen, B.P. (1997), Personality Theories: Development, Growth and Diversity, (2^nd Ed.), Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
   
7. 
   Cohen, R.J., & Swerdlik, M.E. (2005) Psychological Testing & Assessment (6^th ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill.
   
8. 
   Corcini, R., (2000). Current Psychotherapies. London: Thompson & Co Publishers.
   
9. 
   Comer, R.J. (2004). Abnormal Psychology, USA: Freeman & Company.
   
10. 
    Schwartz, B., Wassernman, E., & Robbins, S. (2002), Psychology of Learning and Behaviour, 5^th Ed. Norton and Company.
    

Professional Psychology

Course Contents:

• 
  Introduction to professional psychology
  
• 
  Psychological testing
  
• 
  Educational psychology
  
• 
  Industrial/organizational psychology
  
• 
  Social psychology
  
• 
  Health psychology
  
• 
  Clinical psychology
  
• 
  Positive psychology
  
• 
  Legal, ethical, and professional issues.
  

Recommended Books:

1. 
   Crow, L., & Crow, A. (2000) Educational Psychology, New Delhi: Eurosia Publishing House Ltd.
   
2. 
   Spiegel, P.K., & Koocher, G.P. (1998), Ethics in Psychology, New York: Oxford University Press
   
3. 
   Snyder, C.R., & Lopes, S.J. (2000), Handbook of Positive Psychology, New York: Oxford University Press.
   
4. 
   Compton, W.C. (2005), Introduction to Positive Psychology, USA, Thomson Wadsworth.
   
5. 
   Debra, L.N. & James Compbell Quick, (2000) Organizational Behaviour (3^rd ed), Cincinnat: South Western.
   
6. 
   Fred Luthans, Alexander, D.S. & Edwin, A. Locke (2000) (Eds), Handbook of Principles of Organizational Behaviour, London: Blackwell.
   
7. 
   Brannon, L.& Reist, J. (2000), Health Psychology: An Introduction to Behaviour and Health (4^th ed.), USA Wadsworth.
   
8. 
   Donohue, W. & Ferguson, K. (Eds), (2003), Handbook of Professional Ethics for Psychologists; Issues, Questions and Controversies, London: Sage Publications.
   
9. 
   Meyers, D. (2005), Social Psychology, 8^th Ed. McGraw Hill Inc.
   
10. 
    Cooper, J. & Hogg, M. (2003) Handbook of Social Psychology, Sage Publications
    
11. 
    Halgin, R.P., Whitbourne, S.K., & Halgin, R. (2004), Abnormal Psychology: Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders, New York: McGraw Hill.
    
12. 
    Thorndike R.L., & Hage, E.P. (1995), Measurement and Evaluation in Psychology and Education (4^th Ed), New York, MacMillan.
    

Organizational Behaviour
Course Contents:

• 
  Introduction to organizational behaviour
  
  • 
    Organizational disciplines and topics
    
  • 
    Psychological perspective
    
  • 
    Social-psychological perspectives
    

• 
  Structure and control in organization
  

• 
  Introduction
  
• 
  Bureaucracy
  
• 
  Managerial work
  
• 
  Contingency theory
  
• 
  Organizational design
  

• 
  Individual and work learning
  

• 
  Learning theories
  
• 
  Learning and work
  

• 
  Stress
  

• 
  Types of stress and work
  
• 
  Occupational stress management
  

• 
  Individual differences
  

• 
  Personality and its factors
  
• 
  Personality dimensions and social learning
  
• 
  Intelligence
  

• 
  Motivation and job satisfaction
  

• 
  Needs at work
  
• 
  Theories of motivation and job satisfaction
  
• 
  Correlates of job satisfaction
  
• 
  Correlates of job satisfaction
  

• 
  Group and work
  

• 
  Social interaction
  
• 
  Dramaturgy and impression management
  
• 
  Social skill
  

• 
  Group and inter-group behaviour
  
  • 
    Group structure and norms
    
  • 
    Group processes
    
  • 
    How throne studies
    

• 
  Leadership
  
  • 
    Leadership as an attribute
    
  • 
    Leadership style
    
    • 
      Patterns of work
      
      • 
        Work-the classical approach
        
      • 
        Marx, Weber, and the critique of labor
        
      • 
        Foucault and disciplinary power
        

• 
  Conflict and consent in work
  
  • 
    The labor process debate
    
  • 
    Work place control and resistance
    
  • 
    Industrial conflict and industrial relations
    

• 
  Organizational culture
  
  • 
    Organizational culture and strategic management
    
  • 
    Exploring organizational culture
    
  • 
    Evaluating concept of culture
    

Recommended Books:

1. 
   Finchan, R., & Rhodes, P. (2003), Principles of Organizational Behaviour, 3^rd Oxford.
   
2. 
   Noe, R., Hollenbeck, J. Gerhart, B., & Wright, P. (2006), Human Resource Management, 5^th ed., McGraw Hill.
   
3. 
   Newstrom John W. (2007), Organizational Behaviour, (12^th Ed), McGraw Hill.
   
4. 
   Luthan Fred, (2005), Organizational Behaviour, McGraw Hill Inc.
   

5. Robins, Stephen, (2005), Organizational Behaviour, McGraw Hill Inc.

Introduction to Sociology
Course Contents:

• 
  The Nature of sociology
  

• 
  The study of social life
  
• 
  Exploring the global village
  
• 
  Sociology as a science
  
• 
  The sociological imagination
  
• 
  The development of sociology
  
• 
  Pioneers of sociology
  
• 
  Nature, scope and subject matter of sociology
  
• 
  Brief historical development of sociology
  
• 
  Society and community
  
• 
  Relationship with other social sciences
  
• 
  Social interaction processes
  

• 
  Social groups
  

• 
  Definition and functions
  
• 
  Types of social groups
  

• 
  Social institutions
  
  • 
    Definition
    
  • 
    Structure and function of social institutions
    
  • 
    Inter-relationships among various social institutions
    

• 
  Culture and related concepts
  
  • 
    Definition and aspects of culture
    
  • 
    Elements of culture
    
  • 
    Organization of culture
    
  • 
    Other concepts, cultural relativism, sub cultures, ethnocentrism, culture lag
    

• 
  Socialization and personality
  
  • 
    Role and status
    
  • 
    Socialization
    
  • 
    Culture and personality
    

• 
  Deviance and social control
  
  • 
    Definition and types of deviance
    
  • 
    Juvenile delinquency
    
  • 
    Formal and information methods of social control
    

• 
  Social stratification
  
  • 
    Approach to study social stratification
    
  • 
    Caste class and race as basics of social stratification
    

• 
  Major perspectives in sociology
  
  • 
    Functionalist perspective
    
  • 
    Conflict perspective
    
  • 
    Interactionstic perspective
    

• 
  Social control and deviance
  
  • 
    Agencies of social control
    

• 
  Social stratification
  
  • 
    Determinants of social stratification
    
  • 
    Social mobility, types and definition
    
  • 
    Dynamics of social mobility
    

• 
  Concept of social movement
  

• 
  Theories of social movement
  
• 
  Social and cultural change
  

• 
  Social and cultural change
  
  • 
    Definition of social change
    
  • 
    Dynamics of social change
    
  • 
    Impact of globalization on society and culture
    
  • 
    Resistance to change
    

• 
  Collective behaviour
  
  • 
    Definition
    
  • 
    Characteristics
    
  • 
    Causes
    
  • 
    Types
    
  • 
    Social movements
    
  • 
    Mob and crowd behaviour
    

Recommended Books:

1. 
   Neulreck, Kenneth, J. 2005, Sociology: Diversity, Conflict and Change, Boston
   
2. 
   Barnard, Andy. 2004. Sociology, Cambridge University Press
   
3. 
   Giddens, Anthony, 2004, Sociology 4^th edition, Cambridge Polity Press
   
4. 
   Albrow, Martin, 2003, Sociology, London Routledge.
   
5. 
   Richard, T. Schaefer, 2003, Sociology 5^th edition, McGraw-Hill College
   
6. 
   Kendall, Diana, 2004. Sociology in our Times, 4^th edition, Wadsworth
   
7. 
   Tyler Melissa, Wallace Claire & Abbott Pamela, 2005, An Introduction to Sociology, 3^rd edition. Routledge.
   

Critical Thinking

Course Contents:

• 
  The Power of critical thinking
  

• 
  Claims and reasons
  
• 
  Reasons and arguments
  
• 
  Arguments in the rough
  

• 
  The Environment of critical thinking
  

• 
  Perils of haunted mind
  
• 
  Self and the power of the group
  
• 
  Subjective and social relativism
  
• 
  Skepticism
  

• 
  Making sense of arguments
  

• 
  Arguments basics
  
• 
  Patterns
  
• 
  Diagramming arguments
  
• 
  Assessing long arguments
  

• 
  Reasons for belief and doubt
  

• 
  Conflict experts and evidence
  
• 
  Personal experience
  
• 
  Fooling ourselves
  
• 
  Claims in the news
  

• 
  Faulty reasoning
  

• 
  Irrelevant premises
  
• 
  Genetic fallacy, composition, division
  
• 
  Appeal to the person, equivocation, appeal to popularity
  
• 
  Appeal to tradition, appeal to ignorance, appeal to emotion
  
• 
  Red herring, straw man
  

• 
  Unacceptable premises
  

• 
  Begging the question, false dilemma
  
• 
  Slippery slope, hasty generalization
  
• 
  Faulty analogy
  

• 
  Deductive reasoning: Propositional logic
  

• 
  Connectives and truth values
  
• 
  Conjunction, disjunction, negation
  
• 
  Conditional, checking for validity
  
• 
  Simple arguments, tricky arguments
  
• 
  Streamlined evaluation
  

• 
  Deductive reasoning: Categorical logic
  

• 
  Statements and classes
  
• 
  Translations and standard form
  
• 
  Terms, quantifiers
  
• 
  Diagramming categorical statements
  
• 
  Sizing up categorical syllogisms
  

• 
  Inductive reasons
  

• 
  Enumerative induction
  
• 
  Sample size, representativeness, opinion polls
  
• 
  Analogical induction
  
• 
  Casual arguments, testing for causes
  
• 
  Casual confusions
  

• 
  Inference to the best explanation
  

• 
  Explanations and inference
  
• 
  Theories and consistency
  
• 
  Theories and criteria
  
• 
  Testability, fruitfulness, scope, simplicity
  
• 
  Conservatism
  

• 
  Judging scientific theories
  

• 
  Science and not science
  
• 
  The scientific method, testing scientific theories
  
• 
  Judging scientific theories
  
• 
  Copernicus versus Ptolemy, evolution versus creationism
  
• 
  Science and weird theories
  
• 
  Making weird mistakes
  
• 
  Leaping to the weirdest theory, mixing what seems with what is
  
• 
  Misunderstanding the possibilities
  
• 
  Judging weird theories
  
• 
  Crop circles, talking with the dead
  

Recommended Books:

1. 
   Vaughn Lewis, 2005, The Power of Critical Thinking, Oxford University Press.
   
2. 
   Paulsen David W., Cederblom Jerry:2000, Critical Reasoning, Wadsworth
   
3. 
   Restall Greg. 2005, Logic: An Introduction, Routledge
   

Introduction to Philosophy
Course Contents:

• 
  Definition and nature of philosophy
  
• 
  Theory of knowledge
  
  • 
    Opinion and knowledge
    
  • 
    Plato, the republic selection
    
  • 
    Knowledge through reason
    
  • 
    Descartes meditation on first philosophy
    
  • 
    Knowledge through experience
    
  • 
    Hume an Inquiry concerning human understanding (Selection)
    
  • 
    Experience structured by the mind
    
  • 
    Kant critique of pure reason (Selection)
    
  • 
    Knowing and doing
    
  • 
    James pragmatism (Selection)
    
  • 
    Knowledge and emotion
    
  • 
    Jaggar love and knowledge (Selection)
    

• 
  Philosophy of religion
  
  • 
    Proving the existence of God
    
  • 
    Anselm, Aquinas, Paley, Dawkins (Selection)
    
  • 
    Justifying religious beliefs
    
  • 
    Pascal Pensees (Selection)
    
  • 
    James The will to believe selection
    
  • 
    Freud The future of an illusion (Selection)
    
  • 
    Confronting the problems of evil
    
  • 
    Mackie Evil and omnipotence (Complete)
    
  • 
    Hick Philosophy of religion (Selection)
    

• 
  Metaphysics
  

• 
  Idealism and materialism
  
• 
  Berkeley Three dialogues between Hylas and Pholonous (Selection)
  
• 
  Armstrong Naturalism, materialism and first philosophy (Selection)
  
• 
  The mid-body problem
  
• 
  Descartes Meditations on first philosophy (Selection)
  
• 
  O’Hear Introduction to the philosophy of science (Selection)
  
• 
  Dennett The origins of selves (Complete)
  
• 
  Pali Canon (Selection)
  
• 
  Penelhum Religion and rationality (Selection)
  

• 
  Freedom to Choose
  

• 
  Libertarianism
  
• 
  James The dilemma of determinism (Selection)
  
• 
  Taylor Metaphysics (Selection)
  
• 
  Determinism
  
• 
  Hospers Meaning and free will (Selection)
  
• 
  Skinner Walden Two (Selection)
  
• 
  Compatibilism
  
• 
  Stace Religion and the modern mind (Selection)
  
• 
  Radhakrishnan Indian philosophy (Selection)
  

• 
  Ethics
  

• 
  Fulfilling Human Nature
  
• 
  Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics (selection)
  
• 
  Loving God
  
• 
  Augustine The Morals of the Catholic Church and the City of God (Selection)
  
• 
  Following Natural Law
  
• 
  Aquinas Summa Theologiae (Selection)
  
• 
  Doing One’s Duty
  
• 
  Kant Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals (Selection)
  
• 
  Maximizing Utility
  
• 
  Mill Utilitarianism (Selection)
  
• 
  Turning Values of Upside Down
  
• 
  Nietzsche Human, All too Human and Beyond Good and Evil (Selection)
  
• 
  Creating Ourselves
  
• 
  Sartre Existentialism is a Humanism (Selection)
  
• 
  Hearing the Feminine Voice
  
• 
  Gilligan In a Different Voice (Selection)
  
• 
  Baier What do Women Want in a Moral Theory (Selection)
  

• 
  Political and Social Philosophy
  

• 
  The State as Natural
  
• 
  Plato the Republic (Selection)
  
• 
  Aristotle Politics (Selection)
  
• 
  The State as a Social Contract
  
• 
  Hobbes Philosophical Rudiments Concerning Government and Society (Selection)
  
• 
  Locke the Second Treatise of Government (Selection)
  
• 
  Liberty of the Individual
  
• 
  Mill On Liberty (Selection)
  
• 
  Alienation in Capitalism
  
• 
  Marx Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (Selection)
  
• 
  Justice and Social Trust
  
• 
  Rawls A Theory of Justice (Selection)
  
• 
  Nozick Anarchy, State, and Utopia (Selection)
  
• 
  Held Rights and Goods (Selection)
  
• 
  Women in Society
  
• 
  Wollstonecraft A Vindication of the Rights of Women (Selection)
  
• 
  De Behaviour The Second Sex (Selection)
  
• 
  The Value of Philosophy
  
• 
  Russel The Problems of Philosophy (Selection)
  
• 
  Midgley Philosophical Plumbing (Selection)
  

Recommended Books:

1. 
   Abel Donald C., Stumpf Samuel Enoch, 2002. Elements of Philosophy: An Introduction, 4^th edition McGraw-Hill.
   
2. 
   Scruton Roger, 2001. A short History of Modern Philosophy, 2^nd edition Routledge.
   

MANAGEMENT COURSES
Entrepreneurship
Objective:
Entrepreneurship is an important component in the process of economic development. The purpose of this course is to analyse the theories of entrepreneurship and to go for case studies of successful entrepreneurs.
Course Contents:
Introduction: The concept of entrepreneurship, The economist view of entrepreneurship, The sociologist view, Behavioural approach, Entrepreneurship and Management
The Practice of Entrepreneurship: The process of entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial Management, The entrepreneurial business, Entrepreneurship in service institutions, The new venture
Entrepreneurship and Innovation: The innovation concepts, Importance of innovation for entrepreneurship, Sources of innovative opportunities, The innovation process, Risks involved in innovation
Developing Entrepreneur: Entrepreneurial profile, Trait approach to understanding entrepreneurship, Factors influencing entrepreneurship, The environment, Socio cultural factors, Support systems
Entrepreneurship Organization: Team work, Networking organization, Motivation and compensation, Value system
Entrepreneurship and SMES: Defining SMEs, Scope of SMEs, Entrepreneurial, managers of SME, Financial and marketing problems of SMEs
Entrepreneurial Marketing: Framework for developing entrepreneurial marketing, Development entrepreneurial marketing plan, Entrepreneurial marketing strategies, Product quality and design
Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: Role of entrepreneur in the economic development and generation of services, Employment creation and training, Ideas, knowledge and skill development, The Japanese experience
Case Studies of Successful Entrepreneurs
Text Books:

1. 
   Paul Burns and Jim Dew Hurst: Small Business and Entrepreneurship
   
2. 
   P.N. Singh: Entrepreneurship for Economic Growth
   
3. 
   Peter F. Drucker: Innovation and Entrepreneurship Peter F. Drucker
   
4. 
   John B. Miner: Entrepreneurial Success
   

Principles of Management
Objectives:
This is a rudimentary course for the students of business administration. The focus of attention will be given to learning fundamental principles of management and organization in a historical as well as contemporary world. Students are expected to develop analytical and conceptual framework of how people are managed in small, medium and large public and private national and international organizations.
Course Contents:

• 
  Introduction, overview and scope of discipline
  
• 
  The evolution and emergence of management thought
  
• 
  Management functions
  
• 
  Planning concepts, objectives, strategies and policies
  
• 
  Decision making
  
• 
  Organization; departmentalization, line/staff authority, commitments and group decision making
  
• 
  Staffing: principles of selection, performance, career planning
  
• 
  Leadership: Motivation, leadership, communication
  
• 
  Controlling: the system and process and techniques of controlling
  
• 
  Management and Society: future perspective
  

Text Books:

1. 
   Stephen P. Robins, Mary Coulter: Management
   
2. 
   H. Koontz Odonnel and H. Weihrich: Management
   
3. 
   Mc Farland: Management: Foundation and Practice
   
4. 
   Robert M. Fulmer: The New Management
   

ANNEX- ‘D’

ISLAMIC STUDIES

(Compulsory)

Objectives:
This course is aimed at:

1 To provide Basic information about Islamic Studies

2 To enhance understanding of the students regarding Islamic Civilization

3 To improve Students skill to perform prayers and other worships

4 To enhance the skill of the students for understanding of issues related to faith and religious life.
Detail of Courses:
Introduction to Quranic Studies

1. 
   Basic Concepts of Quran
   
2. 
   History of the Holy Quran
   
3. 
   Uloom-ul-Quran
   

Study of Selected Text of the Holly Quran

1. 
   Verses of Surah Al-Baqara Related to Faith(Verse No-284-286)
   
2. 
   Verses of Surah Al-Hujrat Related to Adab Al-Nabi
   

(Verse No-1-18)

3. 
   Verses of Surah Al-Mumanoon Related to Characteristics of the faithful (Verse No-1-11)
   
4. 
   Verses of Surah al-Furqan Related to Social Ethics (Verse No.63-77)
   
5. 
   Verses of Surah Al-Inam Related to Ihkam (Verse No-152-154)
   

Study of Selected Text of the Holly Quran

1. 
   Verses of Surah Al-Ihzab Related to Adab al-Nabi (Verse No.6, 21, 40, 56, 57, 58.)
   
2. 
   Verses of Surah Al-Hashar (18,19,20) Related to thinking, Day of Judgment
   
3. 
   Verses of Surah Al-Saf Related to Tafakar, Tadabar (Verse No-1,14)
   

Seerat of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) I

1. 
   Life of Muhammad Bin Abdullah ( Before Prophet Hood)
   
2. 
   Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Makkah
   
3. 
   Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Makkah
   

Seerat of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) II

1. 
   Life of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Madina
   
2. 
   Important Events of Life Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Madina
   
3. 
   Important Lessons Derived from the life of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Madina
   

Introduction to Sunnah

1. 
   Basic Concepts of Hadith
   
2. 
   History of Hadith
   
3. 
   Kinds of Hadith
   
4. 
   Uloom –ul-Hadith
   
5. 
   Sunnah & Hadith
   
6. 
   Legal Position of Sunnah
   

Selected Study from Text of Hadith
Introduction to Islamic Law & Jurisprudence

1. 
   Basic Concepts of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
   
2. 
   History & Importance of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
   
3. 
   Sources of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
   
4. 
   Nature of Differences in Islamic Law
   
5. 
   Islam and Sectarianism
   

Islamic Culture & Civilization

1. 
   Basic Concepts of Islamic Culture & Civilization
   
2. 
   Historical Development of Islamic Culture & Civilization
   
3. 
   Characteristics of Islamic Culture & Civilization
   
4. 
   Islamic Culture & Civilization and Contemporary Issues
   

Islam & Science

1. 
   Basic Concepts of Islam & Science
   
2. 
   Contributions of Muslims in the Development of Science
   
3. 
   Quran & Science
   

Islamic Economic System

1. 
   Basic Concepts of Islamic Economic System
   
2. 
   Means of Distribution of wealth in Islamic Economics
   
3. 
   Islamic Concept of Riba
   
4. 
   Islamic Ways of Trade & Commerce
   

Political System of Islam

1. 
   Basic Concepts of Islamic Political System
   
2. 
   Islamic Concept of Sovereignty
   
3. 
   Basic Institutions of Govt. in Islam
   

Islamic History

1. 
   Period of Khlaft-E-Rashida
   
2. 
   Period of Ummayyads
   
3. 
   Period of Abbasids
   

Social System of Islam

1. 
   Basic Concepts of Social System of Islam
   
2. 
   Elements of Family
   
3. 
   Ethical Values of Islam
   

Reference Books:

1. 
   Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Emergence of Islam” , IRI,
   

Islamabad

2) Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Muslim Conduct of State”

3) Hameed ullah Muhammad, ‘Introduction to Islam

4. 
   Mulana Muhammad Yousaf Islahi,”
   

5) Hussain Hamid Hassan, “An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Law” leaf Publication Islamabad, Pakistan.

6) Ahmad Hasan, “Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence” Islamic Research

Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad (1993)

7) Mir Waliullah, “Muslim Jurisprudence and the Quranic Law of Crimes”

Islamic Book Service (1982)

8) H. S. Bhatia, “Studies in Islamic Law, Religion and Society” Deep & Deep

Publications New Delhi (1989)

9) Dr. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, “Introduction to Al Sharia Al Islamia” Allama

Iqbal Open University, Islamabad (2001)
SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR GRADUATE DEGREES
Masters degree in electronic engineering is a two years full time degree. Minimum requirement for MS degree award is 30 credit hours. MS program shall have course work of 24 credit hours and research work of 6 credit hours (spread over minimum of two semesters, excluding summer semester). If the research work is extended to more than two semesters the credit hours shall still be counted as 6 credit hours. Maximum duration of full time MS degree is 3 years.
Course work of 24 credits hours (8 courses of 3 credit hours each) shall be divided into 9 credits hours (3 courses) of core courses and 15 credit hours of elective courses (5 courses, 4 to 5 courses from their area of specialization and may be one course from any other area of specialization or one additional core course). The students may also register additional courses in addition to the above requirements as non-credit/audit courses.
Credit hours distribution:

S.No	Course Area	Number of Courses to be studied	Credits hours
1	Core Courses	3 to 4	9 to 12
2	Area of Specialization	4 to 5	12 to 15
3	From Other Specializations	0 to 1	0 to 3
	Total	8 (courses)	24 (credit hours)

The core courses are designed with the view that the student should acquire a solid foundation in advance mathematical skills and engineering principles. However, elective courses are designed to give an in-depth knowledge and skill in a particular research area to the student. It is advised that students should learn courses from related fields also to have a broader base. The universities can design more elective courses, according to the strength of their faculty, keeping in view the above guideline.
If there is some laboratory work required in any core or elective course, it may be treated as part of the course and no separate credits hours shall be assigned to it. The laboratory work can be graded as part of the course.
The graduate students should be allowed to register the research thesis in the third semester or beyond only after they have cleared a minimum of 18 credit hours (including a minimum of two core courses).

The following are general areas of specialization in MS Electronics program

1. 
   Electronic Systems Engineering
   
2. 
   Communications and Signal processing
   
3. 
   Semiconductor Materials, Devices, and Design
   
4. 
   Power Electronics
   
5. 
   Bio-Electronics
   

List of core courses:
Mathematical Methods for engineers and scientists

Electromagnetic Field Theory

Optimization Theory

Stochastic Processes

Linear System Theory

	Mathematical Methods for Engineers and Scientists	(3+0)
Prerequisite: Instructor consent
Objective: Review of the ordinary differential, difference difference equations and integration methods. Introduce nonlinear differential equations. Learn the approximate techniques for solving differential equations. Learn the advanced techniques in integration.
Course Outline: Solutions of linear and nonlinear differential equations and initial value boundary value problems. Approximate solutions of differential equations. Exact and approximate solution of difference equations. Review of integration by parts. Asymptotic expansion of integrals. Laplace’s Method and Waston’s Lemma for solving integrals, Methods of stationary phase. Method of steepest decents. Asymptotic evaluation of integrals.
Recommended Books: Carl M. Bender and Steven A. Orszag, “Mathematical Methods for engineers and scientists,” 1978, McGraw-Hill, ISBN: 007004452-X. Erwin Kreyszig , “Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, John Wiley, 2011, ISBN-13: 978-0470458365

	Electromagnetic Field Theory	(3+0)
Prerequisite: Instructor consent
Objective: To review Maxwell’s equations. To solve wave equation in different coordinate systems. To learn the principles of wave propagation in unbounded and bounded media. To introduce and apply electromagnetic theorems and principles.
Course Outline: Time-Varying and Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields, Maxwell’s Equations in differential and integral form, Constitutive Parameters and Relations, Circuit-Field Relations, Boundary Conditions, Power and Energy, Electrical Properties of Matter, Wave Equation and its Solutions in rectangular, cylindrical and spherical coordinate system, Wave Propagation and Polarization, Transverse Electromagnetic Modes, Uniform Plane Waves in an Unbounded Lossless and Lossy Medium, Linear, circular and elliptical polarization, Reflection and Transmission of plane wave from dielectric and conductive media, Reflection and Transmission of electromagnetic waves of Multiple Interfaces, Auxiliary Vector Potentials, Construction of Solutions, and Radiation and Scattering Equations, Electromagnetic Theorems and Principles
Recommended Books: Constantine A. Balanis, “Advanced engineering electromagnetics 2^nd edition 2012, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-470-58948-9 John D. Kraus, “Electromagnetics”, 1991, McGraw-Hill, ISBN-13: 978-0070356214

	Optimization Theory	(3 + 0)
Prerequisite: Instructor consent
Objective: The objective of this course is to make students acquire a systematic understanding of optimization techniques. The course will start with linear optimization (being the simplest of all optimization techniques) and will discuss in detail the problem formulation and the solution approaches. Then we will cover a class of nonlinear optimization problems where the optimal solution is also globally optimal, i.e. convex nonlinear optimization and its variants. In the discussion of different optimization techniques, some well known research problems in the domain of electrical and electronics engineering will also be discussed. In addition, the students are expected to learn the use of different optimization solvers including MATLAB optimization tool box, Mosek etc.

Course Outline: This course will be covering two distinct areas: 1) Linear optimization and 2) Nonlinear optimization, techniques. Linear programming part will cover Introduction to convex sets, Geometry of linear programming and quality theory, Variants of linear programming, examples of linear programming problems, linear algebra background, graphical representation for two dimensional space etc. Nonlinear programming part will cover Convex optimization problems, quadratic optimization, geometric optimization, geometric interpretation, optimality conditions. Dual decomposition, augmented Lagrangians and the method of multipliers, alternating direction method of multipliers, optimality conditions and stopping criterion etc.

Recommended Books: 1) Introduction to Linear Optimization by Dimitris Bertsimas & John N. Tsitsiklis, Athena Scientific 1997. 2) Convex Optimization by S. Boyd & L. Vandenberghe Cambridge Univ. Press, 2004. 3) Engineering Optimization: Theory and Practice by S. S. Rao , John Wiley & Sons 2009.

	Stochastic Processes	(3 + 0)
Prerequisite: Instructor consent
Objective: Understand elements of probability theory and its application to various Problems in engineering. Become familiar with discrete and continuous probability distributions. Be able to transform, compute densities and expectations of random variables and processes. Become familiar with random processes and the second moment theory. Be able to construct simple probabilistic models of queuing phenomenon encountered in engineering.
Course Outline: This is a pre-requisite for almost all graduate level courses in communications, signal processing, controls and networks. The course will assume an introductory knowledge of probability. We will first have a quick review of: axioms of probability, random variables, distributions, densities and functions of one random variable. Then functions of several random variables, moment generating functions, linear transformations and central limiting theorem will be discussed. After covering the topics related to random variables we will talk about stochastic processes, and their classifications. Furthermore we will talk about random walks, Markov chains, birth-death processes and their applications in queuing theory. From each student, the course also requires critical reading and presentation of one relevant and recent research paper published in a reputed journal (e.g. IEEE, Elsevier, and Springer).
Recommended Books: Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes by Athanasios Papoulis and S. U. Pillai, 4^thEdition, McGraw Hill, 2002. An Exploration of Random Processes for Engineers, by B. Hajek, 2011. Introduction to probability Models, S. M. Ross, 10^th Ed., Academic Press, 2009. D. P. Bertsekas, and J. N. Tsitsiklis. Introduction to Probability. Athena Scientific Press, 2^nd Edition, 2008.

	Linear System Theory	(3 + 0)
Prerequisite: Instructor consent.
Objective: This graduate level course focuses on linear system theory in time domain. The course introduces the fundamental mathematics of linear spaces, linear operator theory and then proceeds with existence and uniqueness of solutions of differential equations.
Course Outline: Linear algebra review, solutions of linear differential equations, state space representations, State transition matrix, time varying systems, the fundamental matrix. Structural properties of linear systems: controllability, observability and stability, realizations and minimality. Synthesis of linear controllers, pole placement, state feedback, observer design. Linear Quadratic Regulator theory, introduction to robust control.
Recommended Books: Linear System Theory, by Wilson J. Rugh, 2^nd Edition, Prentice Hall, 1996 C.T. Chen, Linear Systems Theory and Design. Oxford University Press, 3^rd Edition, 1999. F. Callier and C. Desoer, Linear System Theory, Springer Verlag, 1991.  P. Antsaklis and A. Michel, Linear Systems McGraw-Hill, 1997.  G. Strang, Linear Algebra and its Applications 3^rd edition, 1988 (Linear Algebra Reference).

Graduate Elective Courses
Semiconductor Materials, Devices and Design

Solid-State Electronics

Semiconductor Devices and Technology

Compound Semiconductor Devices

Optoelectronic Devices

Modeling and Simulation of Semiconductor Devices

Semiconductor Material Characterization

Semiconductor Device Reliability

Introduction to MEMS Design and Micromachining

Nanotechnology

Linear Integrated Circuits

Advanced VLSI Design

Fiber Optics and Integrated Optics

Special Topics in Semiconductor Materials and Devices

Communications and Signal processing

Electromagnetic Field Theory

Microwave Devices and Circuits

Antennas Theory, Design and Applications

Radio Wave Propagation

Digital Signal Processing

Information Theory and Coding

Communication Signal Processing

Communication System Design

Mobile Communication Systems

Communication Channel Modeling

Telecommunication Network Management

Queuing Theory for Performance Modeling

Graph Theory and Network Optimization

Electronic Systems Engineering

Advanced Digital Control

Modeling and Simulation of Dynamic Systems

Microprocessor-Based System Design

Advanced FPGA-Based Design

Instrumentation and Systems

Multirate Systems and Filter Banks

Special Topics in Electronic Systems Engineering

Power Electronics

Power Electronic Devices

AC-to-DC and DC-to-AC Converters

Control of DC Machine Drives

Control of AC Machine Drive

Switched-Mode Converter Analysis and Design

Special Topics in Power Electronics

Bio-Electronics

Biomedical Materials and Sensors

Bio-Instrumentation Design

Bio-Electric Signal Analysis and Interpretation

Diagnostic Imaging Systems

Special Topics in Bio-Medical Electronics

(All courses are of 3 Credit-hours)
The list of elective courses given above is in no respect exhaustive, it is given here as guide lines. The universities can add more elective courses as per their faculty strength and academic procedures. However, the aim to give the graduate students a solid foundation in the chosen field should be kept in sight.

RECOMMENDATIONS

A curriculum needs implementation in its true spirit to achieve its objectives. The National Curriculum Revision Committee on Electronic Engineering has the following recommendations in this regard:

• 
  The faculty members should pay particular attention to the development of problem-solving skills in the students from the first semester. Special assignments and projects may be stressed to achieve this objective. It should be emphasized that the objective of the course and laboratory work is to develop the skills that enable the students to solve real-life problems. Quizzes and assignments are very important in the semester system of teaching. Assignments help students to practice the concepts learned in the class. On the other hand the surprise quizzes force the students to come prepared in the class, which is always desired by the faculty members. It is suggested that the number of assignments and quizzes should be increased.
  
• 
  Assessment in the applied courses should have at least 20% design portion.
  

• 
  The development of independent thinking and leadership skills is very important. The faculty members should keep this objective in mind in the course and laboratory work, and particularly in the projects.
  

• 
  The projects should involve analysis, design, and hardware, and the faculty members should encourage the students to select projects from the industry.
  

• 
  The students should be required to make presentations on their projects, throughout the duration of the project at different stages. There should be at least four (4) presentations throughout the two semesters. These presentations should be attended by the entire faculty and all the final year project students. In the final presentation at the end of the project the people from the industry may also be invited to attend the presentations. Study tours should also be arranged by the university for the students.
  

• 
  The students should get practical experience during the course of studies. The educational institutions and faculty members should help the students to get meaningful internships in the industry. A formal procedure should be established which engages both faculty members and relevant people from the industry to review the progress of the students. The students should be required to write reports and give presentations at the end of their internships.
  
• 
  The core courses should be included in the curricula in all universities of Pakistan and a set of electives may be chosen to fulfill the complete curriculum requirements. The electives proposed by the committee may not be considered as complete. Universities may introduce additional electives according to the areas of expertise of their faculty members and research facilities.
  
• 
  All undergraduate subjects may not be coupled with laboratories. Laboratories may be offered as separate courses and should cover the scope of more than one course. However, the courses, which cannot be properly covered independently without laboratories, should continue according to the present arrangement.
  
• 
  The faculty members and students should be encouraged to frequently attend short courses, seminars and workshops which may be arranged locally or internationally by various agencies.