geopolitikuri sivrcis centralurobis
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi
419
`RerZul areals~ makinderi im sivrcesTan aigivebs, rome-
lic ruseTs ukavia. igi xazs usvams erT mniSvnelovan garemoe-
bas, rom ruseTs yvela mxridan SeuZlia miiRos da, Tavis mxriv,
ganaxorcielos dartyma, garda CrdiloeTisa. oriode sityviT
gvsurs SevexoT mosazrebas, rom centraluri adgilmdebareoba
aris yvelaze momgebiani.
`ruseTi cvlis monRoleTis imperias. misi zewola fineTze,
skandinaviaze, poloneTze, TurqeTze, sparseTze, indoeTsa da
CineTze Caenacvla erTi centridan mimavali stepelebis Tavdas-
xmebs. am samyaroSi mas ukavia centraluri strategiuli mdeba-
reoba, romelic evropaSi ekuTvnis germanias. mas SeuZlia Tavs
daesxas da imavdroulad miiRos dartymebi yvela mimarTule-
biT, CrdiloeTis garda. rkinigzebTan dakavSirebuli misi moq-
nilobis saboloo ganviTareba mxolod drois sakiTxia da vera-
viTari socialuri revolucia ver Secvlis ruseTis damokide-
bulebas misi arsebobis udidesi geografiuli sazRvrebis mi-
marT. kargad uwyian ra Tavisi Zalis Sesaxeb, ruseTis mmarTve-
lebi mSvidad gaSordnen aliaskas, vinaidan rusuli politiki-
saTvis faqtobrivad, wesad iqca ar flobdes araviTar zRvis
miRma teritorias, iseve, rogorc britaneTis wesia — saokeano
sivrceebis marTva~. [makinderi, 361-362:1999].
1774 wlidan aliaska iyo ruseTis imperiis kolonia da iwo-
deboda `rusul amerikad~. 1867 wels ruseTis imperiam aliaska
aSS-s mihyida 7,2 mln dolarad.
mogvianebiT, 1919 wels gamocemul naSromSi `demokratiuli
idealebi da realoba~, makinderi aRniSnavda: `vinc marTavs aRmo-
savleT evropas, batonobs Heartland-ze; vinc marTavs Heartland-s,
batonobs msoflio kunZulze; vinc marTavs msoflio kunZuls,
akontrolebs msoflios~ [Mackinder; 106:1999].
XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi yalibdeba samTa kavSiri. 1879
wels avstria-ungreTsa da germanias Soris xelmoweril kavSirs
uerTdeba italia. am kavSiris wevr qveynebs ekavaT evropis cen-
traluri sivrce, rac qmnida im SesaZleblobas, rasac makinde-
ri Tvlida xelsayrelad yvela mimarTulebiT dartymis gansa-
xorcieleblad.
aleqsandre wurwumia
420
centralurobis sakiTxze aseve amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas
germanuli `organicizmuli~ skolis warmomadgenlebi. Svedi
rudolf keleni (Celeni) (1864-1922) samecniero moRvaweobas
eweoda ufsalisa da geteborgis universitetebSi. sadoqtoro
disertacia daicva 1891 wels ufsalis universitetSi. Tumca,
garda samecniero moRvaweobisa, is iyo CarTuli politikaSi
(msgavsad makinderisa). 1905-1908 da 1911-1917 wlebSi keleni iyo
SvedeTis parlamentis wevri, gamoirCeoda konservatiuli Sexe-
dulebebiT [Kjellen].
geopolitikis klasikuri periodis warmomadgenelTaTvis
garkveulwilad damaxasiaTebelia erTi mniSvnelovani, ase
vTqvaT, midrekileba — isini cdiloben Teoriuli da praqtiku-
li gamocdilebis Serwymas. kelenma daudo saTave mraval ter-
mins, Tumca yvelaze mniSvnelovani aris is, rom man pirvelma ga-
moiyena termini geopolitika.
Celenma geopolitika Semdegnairad gansazRvra: `esaa mecni-
ereba saxelmwifos, rogorc sivrceSi ganfenili geografiuli
organizmis, Sesaxeb~ [dugini; 28:1999].
rudolf kelenis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili naSromia 1916
wels gamocemuli `saxelmwifo, rogorc sicocxlis forma~. naS-
romSi xazgasmulia germaniis upiratesoba evropul sivrceSi mi-
si centralurobidan gamomdinare. am Tezam asaxva pova `Suagu-
li evropis~ (Mitteleuropa) koncefciaSi. misi avtoria kidev erTi
`germanuli organicizmuli~ skolis warmomadgeneli, fridrih
naumani (Friedrich Naumann 1860-1919). msgavsad kelenisa, isic gamo-
irCeoda konservatiuli SexedulebebiT, Tumca Semdgom man Sei-
muSava liberaluri imperializmis idea. fridrih naumani 1907
wels gaxda raixstagis wevri, xolo 1919 wels daaarsa germaniis
demokratiuli partia. 1915 wels fridrih naumanma gamosca wig-
ni saxelwodebiT `Mitteleuropa~.
XVIII saukunis bolos ganxorcielda teritoriuli cvlile-
ba evropaSi, ramac erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi roli iTamaSa ka-
cobriobis istoriaSi. poloneTis samgzis (1772, 1773 da 1775
wels) gayofis Sedegad ruseTma ganaxorciela eqspansia baltii-
sa da centraluri evropis mimarTulebiT. am politikur cvli-
lebaTa Sedegad ruseTis imperia uSualod daumezoblda Tavis
geopolitikuri sivrcis centralurobis
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi
421
istoriul mowinaaRmdege prusias. Zalzed sainteresoa naumanis
xedva poloneTTan dakavSirebiT:
~pirveli msoflio omis da-
sawyisSi, rodesac germanul jarebs hqondaT STambeWdavi warma-
tebebi frontze, naumanma gamosca wigni `ra elis poloneTs?~,
romelSic sTavazobda omis damTavrebis Semdeg evropis ruqis
gadakeTebisas aRedginaT polonuri saxelmwifoebrioba. amiT
man aRniSna misi geopolitikuri pozicia: gamoyofoda polone-
Tis teritoriiT ruseTs, raTa gaerTianebuliyo evropis cen-
trSi~ [
; 152:2006] (Targmani Cvenia — a.w.).
rusma mecnierebmac gamoTqves mosazreba, romlis mixedvi-
Tac poloneTis gayofiT ruseTma dauSva Secdoma. kerZod, ru-
suli geopolitikuri skolis (evrazielebis) warmomadgeneli
nikolai trubeckoi xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom jobda polo-
neTi darCeniliyo buferul sivrced ruseTsa da germanias So-
ris [
].
ismis kiTxva — aris ki realurad momgebiani centraluri ad-
gilmdebareoba?
misi uaryofiTi mxare swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rasac ma-
kinderi Tavad usvams xazs, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi praqtikulad
SesaZlebelia dartymis miReba yvela mimarTulebidan. ruseTis
da germaniis centraluroba qmnida da qmnis problemas maTi sa-
sazRvro zolis sididis da mosazRvre saxelmwifoebis simrav-
lidan gamomdinare.
rudolf keleni erTmaneTs adris inglissa da germaniis ge-
opolitikur lokacias da aRniSnavs, rom germanias ar SeuZlia
iseve advilad airCios mokavSireebi, rogorc ingliss [ .
;139:2008], rasac ganapirobebs is garemoeba, rom germanias
saxmeleTo sazRvari aqvs 8 saxelmwifosTan, romelTagan 3 aris
zesaxelmwifo, xolo britaneTs (im periodisTvis — a.w.) ar hyav-
da mezobeli.
britaneTis msgavs magaliTs warmoadgenda da warmoadgens
kunZuli malta. misi centraluri adgilmdebareoba ganapiro-
bebda da ganapirobebs mis strategiul mniSvnelobas. malta mde-
bareobs CrdiloeT-samxreTis da aRmosavleT-dasavleTis sazR-
vao gzebis gadakveTaze.
aleqsandre wurwumia
422
geopolitikuri sivrcis centralurobis sakiTxi mkafiod
aris dakavSirebuli geopolitikuri RerZis sakiTxTan.
`geopolitikuri RerZi SeiZleba iyos ori saxis — horizon-
taluri da vertikaluri. zogierT qveyanas aqvs mxolod erTi
RerZi. did britaneTs, safrangeTs, italias aqvT vertikaluri
RerZi; avstrias, ungreTs, CexeTs — aqvs horizontaluri RerZi.
erTi saxelmwifos mier meore saxelmwifos geopolitikuri
RerZis dakaveba (okupacia) arRvevs am ukanasknelis stabiluro-
bas. yvelaze mniSvnelovani qveynebia is, romelTac aqvT rogorc
horizontaluri, aseve vertikaluri RerZi~ [Tsurtsumia;94:2010].
TavisTavad strategiulad umniSvnelovanes sivrces warmo-
adgens horizontalur da vertikalur RerZTa gadakveTis wer-
tili. warsulSi aseT mniSvnelovan geopolitikur centrs war-
moadgenda konstantinopoli. misma dacemam gamoiwvia globalu-
ri mniSvnelobis geopolitikuri cvlileba (transformacia).
Sua saukuneebis periodis saqarTvelos sagareo politikis
analizisas, zurab avaliSvili aRniSnavda:
`CvenTvis mniSvnelovania gaviTvaliswinoT XV saukunis sa-
qarTvelos saerTo suraTi, imitom rom, es saqarTvelo dadga
pirispir ori faqtis winaSe, romelTac fataluri Sedegi hqon-
daT misTvis.
upirveles yovlisa, konstantinopolis dacema.
1453 wels gadaketes samudamod gza mimavali saqarTvelodan
erTmorwmune bizantiaSi, misi gavliT — mTel qristianul evro-
pasTan.
saqarTvelo darCa marto aziaSi usazRvrod Zlieri, daun-
dobeli, fanatikuri mtris winaSe.
Semdgom, amave epoqaSi Camoyalibda uZlieresi sidide saqar-
Tvelos mezoblad sparseTi da TurqeTi, orive erTnairad
mtruli qristianobis ukanaskneli dasayrdenisdmi aziaSi,amave
dros mtruli erTmaneTis mimarT. es ZiriTadi pirobebia, ro-
melTac gansazRvres saqarTvelos politikuri cxovreba XV-XIX
saukuneebSi
~ [
; 13-14:1901] Targmani Cvenia — a. w.].
konstantinopolis dacemis mniSvnelobas aseve xazs usvams
ser helford makinderi 1919 wels gamocemul wignSi `demokra-
tiuli idealebi da realoba~:
geopolitikuri sivrcis centralurobis
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi
423
`im momentidan, rodesac 1453 qalaqi konstantinopoli ga-
davida Turqebis xelSi, Savi zRva Caiketa venecieli da genueli
mezRvaurebisaTvis~ [Mackinder; 4:1944] (Targmani Cvenia — a.w.).
vfiqrobT, konstantinopolis dacemis erT-erT mTavar mi-
zezs warmoadgenda is windauxedavi politika, romelsac awar-
moebdnen saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi bizantieli mmarTvelebi.
isini ver acnobierebdnen im faqts, rom Zlieri erTmorwmune sa-
qarTvelo mniSvnelovani damcavi zRude iyo imperiisTvis. ali-
ansi saqarTvelosTan gacilebiT momgebiani unda yofiliyo bi-
zantiisTvis. osmaleTis imperiam moicva is areali, romelic ma-
namde ekava bizantiis imperias, xolo konstantinopolis aRebam
mas misca is placdarmi, romelic man Semdeg saukuneebSi efeq-
turad gamoiyena evropis SuagulSi SesaRwevad. saqarTvelos
mniSvnelobas evropisaTvis 1453 wlamde mkafiod warmoaCens eb-
strofis msoflio ruka (1235). masze saqarTvelo da kavkasia mi-
TiTebulia, rogorc evropis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli barbarosu-
li tomebis Semakavebeli zRude [TvaraZe; 232-235:2004] [Ebstorf].
saqarTvelo aRmoCnda mahmadianur garemocvaSi — mowyveti-
li qristianul samyaros, srul izolaciaSi. umniSvnelovanesi
savaWro gzebi aRar gadioda saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaze.
saqarTveloze gamavali abreSumis didi gzis ganStoebam arsebo-
ba Sewyvita. konstantinepolis dacemam mniSvnelovnad gansazR-
vra istoriuli da politikuri procesebis ganviTareba. XV sau-
kunis bolos ganxorcielebulma udidesma geografiulma aRmo-
Cenebma, kerZod, vasko da gamas mier 1498 wels indoeTisken mima-
vali sazRvao gzis aRmoCenam ganapiroba savaWro gzebis zRvaze
gadanacvleba. XVIII saukunis miwurulSi abreSumis didma gzam
dakarga mniSvneloba.
ruseTs 1780 wlisaTvis ukve gaaCnda mkafio geostrategiu-
li doqtrina `saberZneTis proeqti~-s saxelwodebiT, romelSic
udidesi yuradReba eniWeboda geocivilizaciur faqtorebs,
rac iTvaliswinebda osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi ruseTis
mxares kavkasieli da balkaneli xalxis CarTvas.
rogorc cnobilia, gaSlili saxiT `saberZneTis proeqti~
gadmocemul iqna ekaterines mier 1782 wlis 10/21 oqtombers av-
striis imperator ioseb II miweril werilamde ramdenime xniT
aleqsandre wurwumia
424
adre, daaxloebiT 1780 wels. is dafiqsirda a.a. bezborodkos me-
morandumSi, romelic, SesaZloa, gankuTvnili iyo ori impera-
toris mogilievSi SexvedrisaTvis. Tumca aSkaraa, rom 1799
wels, didi Tavadis — konstantine pavles Zis dabadebis droi-
saTvis proeqti ukve arsebobda sakmaod gaSlili saxiT. TviT
ufliswulisTvis saxelis SerCeva, misi amqveynad movlinebis aR-
saniSnavad gamoSvebuli samaxsovro medali antikuri figurebi-
Ta da warweriT `ukan bizantiaSi~, sakmaod mkafiod adastureben
ekaterine II ganzraxvas[
; 1997].
zemoTqmuli logikurad eTavseba im xedvas, romelic wamoa-
yena berma filofilem (dax. 1465-1542) vasili III miweril weril-
Si. am werilis ZiriTadi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ruseTs un-
da etvirTa qristianul samyaroSi gamaerTianeblis da lideris
funqcia, rasac manamde asrulebda bizantia. swored am periodi-
dan iRebs saTaves termini `moskovi mesame romi~. am ideis gan-
xorcielebiT ruseTi gaxdeboda geopolitikuri centri.
ruseTis politikis gaaqtiurebas da teritoriul gafarTo-
ebas axlo aRmosavleTisa da centraluri aziis mimarTulebiT
evropul saxelmwifoTa, pirvel rigSi, britaneTis, mwvave reaq-
cia mohyva. daZabuli urTierToba dapirispirebaSi gadaizarda,
rac istoriaSi cnobilia `didi TamaSi~-s saxelwodebiT. am dapi-
rispirebam TiTqmis saukune (1813-1907) gastana [The_Great_Game].
am dapirispirebis dawyebis da napoleonis winaaRmdeg brZo-
lis periodSi gamovlinda yvelaze mkafiod urTierTobaTa is
forma, romelic saerTaSoriso politikur urTierTobebSi
cnobilia ZalTa balansis saxelwodebiT. vfiqrobT, swored am
periodidan iwyeba evraziis politikuri cxovrebis Tanamedro-
ve furclebi.
niSandoblivia is garemoeba, rom garkveuli periodulobiT
politikur procesTa gamwvaveba da konfliqtur fazaSi gadas-
vla evraziuli sivrcis erTsa da imave arealebSi xdeba: balkane-
bi, centraluri azia, aRmosavleT aziis sanapiro zoli da axlo
aRmosavleTi. am CamonaTvalSi albaT SeiZleba axlo aRmosavle-
Tis samxreT-dasavleTi arealis dasaxeleba, Tumca aq mimdinare
konfrontacia imdenad sayuradReboa, rom moiTxovs calke gan-
xilvas. amave dros, evraziul sivrceSi mimdinare dapirispire-
geopolitikuri sivrcis centralurobis
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi
425
bebi sayuradReboa koaliciaTa SemadgenlobaSi wevrTa cvlile-
bebis TvalsazrisiT. xSirad politikuri partniorebi mowinaaR-
mdegeni gamxdaran da garkveuli drois Semdgom, kvlav intere-
sebidan gamomdinare, — mokavSireni.
SesaZloa, makinderiseulma zemonaxsenebma da ganxilulma
xedvam centralurobis Sesaxeb kidev ufro gaaZliera ruseTis
imperiis ambiciebi. albaT, swored es ambiciebi udevs safuZvlad
amJamindel rusul samTavrobo wreebSi SemuSavebul evraziuli
kavSiris ideas. ruseTis minazia mTel postsabWoTa sivrceze,
gansakuTrebiT — ukraina, amierkavkasia da centraluri azia,
gavlenisa da kontrolis SenarCuneba.
Tumca, Cven mier zemomoyvanili argumentebi, warsulisa da
awmyos politikuri procesebis analizi gvafiqrebinebs, rom,
albaT, gacilebiT momgebiani evraziasTan mimarTebaSi ganapira
adgilmdebareobaa, iseTi, rogoric ukavia did britaneTs, iapo-
nias da, Tundac, amerikas.
literatura:
1.
a. dugini. geopolitikis safuZvlebi. Tb., 1999.
2.
a. TvaraZe. saqarTvelo da kavkasia evropul wyaroebSi.
Tb., 2004.
3.
helford jorj makinderi. istoriis geografiuli Rer-
Zi. teqsti gamoqveynebulia — a. dugini. geopolitikis sa-
fuZvlebi. Tb., 1999.
4.
A. Tsurtsumia. Geopolitical Status of Georgia Before and After the Au-
gust War. kavkasiis geografiuli Jurnali, 11, 2010.
5.
H. Mackinder. Democratic Ideals and Reality, Washington, DC: Nati-
onal Defence University Press, 1996.
6.
H.I. Mackinder. Democratic Ideals and Reality. New York, Pelican
Bookcs, 1944.
7.
.
,
.
.-
, 1901.
8.
.
.
. . .
.
., 1956.
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.
.
:
. –
.:
, 2006.
aleqsandre wurwumia
426
10.
.
.
1760- –
1770-
.
«
»
II. – http://magazi-
nes.russ.ru/nlo/1997/24
-
«
», 1997, 24.
11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History
12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Kjell%C3%A9n
13. http://www.rickriordan.com/ebstorf.htm
14. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Game
Alexander Tsurtsumia
Assistant Professor
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Positive and Negative Sides of Centrality of Geopolitical Space
Resume
Political processes are characterized with certain regularity and features. It
may be proved by the fact that the most crucial processes taking place thro-
ughout the world were developed in Eurasian space. Especially in space located
between the 30
th
and 55
th
parallels.
Sir Halford Mackinder identifies “Pivot Area” (Heartland) with the space
occupied by Russia. He emphasizes one very important circumstance – Russian
can receive and implement impact from and to all the sides except the North
side. We would like to mention the opinion, in particular the fact that central lo-
cation is the most favorable.
15. We think that the negative side of central position is the fact underlined
by Mackinder himself; in such a condition, particular impact will be admitted
practically from all directions. According to the mentioned, maybe outer loca-
tion is more favorable to Eurasia, for example, the location of Great Britain, Ja-
pan and America. Past and toward political processes also approve our position.
gamomcemlobis redaqtorebi:
marine varamaSvili
nana kaWabava
garekanis dizaini
nino ebraliZe
dakabadoneba
xaTuTa badriZe
koreqtori
rusudan miqenaia
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