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122
gender values, personal ideal family life, “I work in order to be economically
independent”, and “I like to work”. They are included as dependent variables in
the model, which increases the total number of dependent variables to seven. As
independent variables, the objective parental characteristics
during childhood
were included, so as to examine whether the numbers of preferred work hours,
gender values and (personal) gender and work attitudes have origins a priori of
labour market behaviour. The parental educational level and the parental division
of labour appear to have no additional effect (beyond the respondent’s own
educational level and personal ideal division of labour) on a mother’s current
preferred
number of work hours, nor on her current gender and work attitudes.
Yet, corresponding with earlier research, in cases where the respondent’s own
mother had a paid job when her daughter was 12 years old, the now-adult
daughter prefers to work almost 3 hours more than if her mother had not worked
(beta .254). In addition, having had a mother in paid work also exerts influence
on a mother’s current general gender values (beta .109), her
personal ideal family
life (beta .162) and the work attitude “I work in order to be economically
independent” (beta .162) (tables 7a and 7b).
Socialized Choices - Labour Market Behaviour of Dutch Mothers
124
Table 7a. - continued: results of the path analysis (table 7) showing dependent
variables, Ideal family life and general gender values.
Egalitarian Ideal family life
Egalitarian General gender attitude
Beta
B (s.e.)
Beta
B (s.e.)
1. Age
1.405
.085***
(.023)
1.296
.015***
(.005)
2. Age2
-1.417
-.093***
(.026)
-1.304
-.016 ***
(.005)
3. Education
.294
.120 ***
(.016)
.360
.028 ***
(.003)
4. Religiousness
-.100
-.071**
(.023)
-.159
-.022***
(.004)
5. Partner
-.379
-.269***
(.047)
n.s.
6. Mother in paid work
.162
.115 **
(.039)
.109
.015 *
(.006)
Intercept
-.147
(.492)
.070
(.100)
Squared Multiple corr, (R2)
.160 .154
1. Age of children < 13 years reference group.
2. Beta: standardized regression coefficient.
3. B: unstandardized regression coefficient.
4. S.E.: standard error.
5. *p<.05; ** p<.01; *** p<.001
6.
Source: Merged data from questionnaires:
‘Politics and Values’, ‘Work and Schooling’, ‘
Women
and their social environment’, Liss Panel, Centerdata, University of Tilburg, November 2010.
Table 7b. - continued: results of the path analysis (table 7) showing dependent
variables, the work attitudes: ‘I work in order to be economically independent’ and ‘I
like to work’.
Economic independence
I like to work
Beta
B (s.e.)
Beta
B (s.e.)
1. Age
n.s. 1.383
.056***
(.016)
2. Age2
n.s. -1.329
-.063 ***
(.018)
3. Education n.s.
n.s.
4. Religiousness
-.068
-.034*
(.016)
n.s.
5. Partner
-.275
-.137 ***
(.027)
.263
.135***
(.026)
6. Mother in paid work
.162
.081 **
(.027)
n.s.
Intercept
.195
(.099)
-.949
(.342)
Squared Multiple corr, (R2)
.182 .126
1.
Age of children < 13 years reference group.
2.
Beta: standardized regression coefficient.
3.
B: unstandardized regression coefficient.
4.
S.E.: standard error.
5.
*p<.05; ** p<.01; *** p<.001