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social intercourse within the limits of Christendom than we meet to-day" (Cun-
ningham,
Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects, Vol. I, p. 3). Not until the
fifteenth century are there tariffs on the political frontiers. "Before that there is no
evidence of the slightest desire to favour national trade by protecting it from for-
eign competition" (Pirenne,
Economic and Social History, p. 92). "International"
trading was free in all trades (Power and Postan,
Studies in English Trade in the Fif-
teenth Century).
(k) Mercantilism forced freer trade upon towns andprovinces within the
national boundaries.
The first volume of Heckscher's
Mercantilism (1935) bears the title
Mercantil-
ism as a Unifying System. As such, mercantilism "opposed everything that bound
down economic life to a particular place and obstructed trade within the bound-
aries of the state" (Heckscher,
op. cit., Vol. II, p. 273). "Both aspects of municipal
policy, the suppression of the rural countryside and the struggle against the com-
petition of foreign cities, were in conflict with the economic aims of the State"
(ibid., Vol. I, p. 131). "Mercantilism 'nationalized' the countries through the ac-
tion of commerce which extended local practices to the whole territory of the
State" (Pantlen, "Handel," in
Handwbrterbuch der Staatswissenschaften, Vol. VI,
p. 281). "Competition was often artificially fostered by mercantilism, in order to
organize markets with automatic regulation of supply and demand" (Heckscher).
The first modern author to recognize the liberalizing tendency of the mercantile
system was Schmoller (1884).
(I) Medieval regulationism was highly successful.
"The policy of the towns in the Middle Ages was probably the first attempt in
Western Europe, after the decline of the ancient world, to regulate society on its
economic side according to consistent principles. The attempt was crowned with
unusual success.... Economic liberalism or laissez-faire, at the time of its unchal-
lenged supremacy, is, perhaps, such an instance, but in regard to duration, liberal-
ism was a small, evanescent episode in comparison with the persistent tenacity of
the policy of the towns" (Heckscher,
op. cit., p. 139). "They accomplished it by a
system of regulations, so marvellously adapted to its purpose that it may be con-
sidered a masterpiece of its kind.... The city economy was worthy of the Gothic
architecture with which it was contemporaneous" (Pirenne,
Medieval Cities,
p .
217).
(m) Mercantilism extended municipal practices to the national territory.
"The result would be a city policy, extended over a wider area—a kind of mu-
nicipal policy, superimposed on a state basis" (Heckscher,
op. cit., Vol. I, p. 131).
(n) Mercantilism, a most successful policy.
"Mercantilism created a masterful system of complex and elaborate want-
satisfaction" (Bucher,
op. cit., p. 159). The achievement of Colbert's
Reglements,