6
Russian history both to support and weaken these arguments.
15
Of course,
in Russia oriental studies first came about for practical reasons in order to
learn the languages of societies, which Russians were trading or fighting
with. With the beginning of the 15
th
century these were coupled with the
efforts to convert the Muslim population in the newly conquered lands into
Christianity. The reasons for these initial studies stemmed from practical
needs. However, these studies formed the basis of academic level oriental
studies. Particular interest in the East with practical requirements took on a
more formal established form during the reign of Peter. However, the
academic intentions at the time did not fully replace the practical ones. It
can be argued that the practical concerns were included within an academic
framework. The people who were educated at oriental institutions later
worked in state institutions and sent to missions in the East. Therefore,
there is direct relation between power and knowledge in Russian oriental
studies. However, the topic that I will discuss here is that oriental studies in
Russia were fostered through various channels and it is not possible to talk
about only a certain type of oriental studies or of Orientalist scholars.
This thesis contends that orientalism in Russia in practical sense
started as a result of the needs of Russian merchants, military, diplomacy
15
See Adeeb Khalid. "Russian History and the Debate Over Orientalism." Kritika
New Series - 1, no. 4 (2000): 691-99 and Maria Todorova. "Does Russian
Orientalism Have a Russian Soul? A Contribution to the Debate Between Nathaniel
Knight and Adeeb Khalid." Kritika New Series - 1, no. 4 (2000): 717-27.
7
and clergy. Therefore, the types of oriental studies emerged out of these
historical needs in Russia are as follows:
a)
Commercial
b)
Military
c)
Diplomatic
d)
Religious
First of all, the need for commercial activities in the development of
Russian princedoms they were in need of communicating with other
societies. Since all the commercial activities were related closely with the
dominance of the river routes and commercial centers the Russian
princedoms fought with the “enemies” in these areas. Moreover, the
acceptance of Ortodox Christianity by the effects of Byzantine and the
expansion of the Russian state in the steppes produced another
understanding among the Russians about the Eastern peoples and caused to
arise the distinction between the Christian and non-Christian populations. It
is clear that Christianization process of non-Christian populations started
together with the expansion of the influence of the Russian Orthodox Church
in the Russia’s orient. All these different historical needs gave birth to the
idea of the “self” and the “other” which were only an “enmity” before Peter
the Great and his efforts on modernizing his country. Therefore, that is why
it is possible to talk about commercial, military, diplomatic and religious
Orientalists or oriental studies even in the 18
th
century when the basic and
necessary academic institutions founded. However, in the period between
the 19
th
century and the first quarter of the 20
th
century these oriental
8
studies took an academic form together with the start and consolidation of
the modernization process in Russia. The histories, languages and cultures
of
Eastern
societies
started
to
be
examined
in
particular
Orientalist/academic institution, but it was also not abnormal to come across
diplomat orientalists or military orientalists in earlier periods. This is due to
the fact that with the conquests there occurred a need for translators and
this need was met through opening various kinds of schools teaching
eastern languages. From time to time there was also a practise to find civil
servants outside their spheres, for instance this can be seen in the function
of the Lazarev Institute.
In this thesis, I examined different variations of oriental studies until
the end of the 19
th
century. As a result, despite different opinions on the
periodization of Russian oriental studies, in general the period before the
Kievan Russia until the end of 17
th
century is named as oriental studies with
a practical cause, the period of Peter the Great is named as oriental studies
with an academic cause.
16
While these periods may not coincide with the
orthodox historical Russian periodization, they serve well to the study of
Orientalism. At the same time this periodization does not exclude one
another as academic oriental studies also have a practical role of training
16
For a sample periodization in Russian oriental studies before the October
Revolution see G. F. Kim & P. M. Shastitko. Istoriya Otechestvennogo
Vostokovedeniya Do Serediny XIX Veka. Moskva: Glavnaya redaktsiya vostochnoy
literatury, 1990, p. 7.
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