Master qxd
Yüklə 207,87 Kb. Pdf görüntüsü
|
how, as Dobzhansky (1973) once stated for biology – nothing in psychology makes sense except in the light of evolution. There are however some limitations to our study. First and foremost, we point to the limitations of our sample, all being drawn from a rather young and educated population, who for various educational and intellectual reasons might ap- proach the subject of paranormal beliefs in a specific manner. Furthermore, our conclusions were both determined and limi- ted by the measures used. Although the RPBS captures a wide sample of paranormal beliefs, there is a good reason to believe that many of those beliefs are left out, as for example alternative medicine beliefs, various omens of luck, vital ener- gy beliefs and even food related paranormal beliefs (Linde- man & Aarnio, 2006; Lindeman et al., 2000). Further studies should work towards implementation of both global and cul- ture specific items in order to provide more validity to these conclusions. As for personality, a facet level approach might prove useful in plotting specific mechanisms within a trait, re- sponsible for paranormal belief acquisition. Also, we must note how the relations between the two domains were modest; making the exploration on a wider sample and the use of more specific, facet level measures even more necessary. Fi- nally, since our theoretical venture in this paper to an extent surpasses the implications of our data, it is evident that a more intensive work on this aspect of paranormal belief is needed, and the integration of the two strongly emerging fields of cognitive and evolutionary psychology with the psycholo- gy of individual differences seems to be a promising path. A- part from personality measures, future researchers into this evolutionary-individualist paradigm would do well to in- clude other already well explored and evolutionary relevant factors (e.g. intelligence, gender, mating value, etc.) Hopeful- ly, it will be able to bring us closer to understanding this com- plex and intriguing human characteristic and help us finally enlighten what Sagan (1995) prosaically depicted as the "de- mon haunted world". REFERENCES Alcock, J. E. (1981), Parapsychology: Science or Magic? A Psychological Perspective, Elmsford, Pergamon Press. Alcock, J. E. and Otis, L. P. (1980), Critical Thinking and Belief in the Paranormal. Psychological Reports, 46: 479-482. doi:10.2466/pr0.1980. 46.2.479
Alcorta, C. S. and Sosis, R. (2005), Ritual, Emotion, and Sacred Symbols: The Evolution of Religion as an Adaptive Complex. Human Nature, 16 (4): 323-359. doi:10.1007/s12110-005-1014-3 Barrett, J. L. (2000), Exploring the Natural Foundations of Religion. Trends in Cognitive Science, 4 (1): 29-34. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(99) 01419-9
196 DRU[. ISTRA@. ZAGREB GOD. 21 (2012), BR. 1 (115), STR. 181-201 MIKLOUŠIĆ, I., MLAČIĆ, B., MILAS, G.: PARANORMAL BELIEFS... Bering, J. M., McLeod, K. A. and Shackelford, T. K. (2005), Reasoning about Dead Agents Reveals Possible Adaptive Trends. Human Nature, 16 (4): 360-381. doi:10.1007/s12110-005-1015-2 Boyer, P. (1994), The Naturalness of Religious Ideas. A Cognitive Theory of Religion, Berkeley-Los Angeles, University of California Press. Boyer, P. (2003), Religious Thought and Behaviour as By-Products of Brain Function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7 (3): 119-124. doi:10. 1016/S1364-6613(03)00031-7 Buss, D. M. (1991), Evolutionary Personality Psychology. Annual Re-
Buss, D. M. (2009), How Can Evolutionary Psychology Successfully Explain Personality and Individual Differences? Perspectives on Psy-
Cattell, R. B. (1966), The Scree Test for the Number of Factors. Mul- tivariate Behaviour Research, 1 (2): 245-276. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr 0102_10
Coon, D. J. (1992), Testing the Limits of Sense and Science: American Experimental Psychologists Combat Spiritualism, 1880-1920. Ameri- can Psychologist, 47 (2): 143-151. doi:10.1037//0003-066X.47.2.143 Costa, P. T. and McCrae, R. R. (1992), Revised NEO Personality Inven- tory (NEO-PI-R) and the NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Profes- sional Manual. Odessa, FL, Psychological Assessment Resources. Díaz-Vilela, L. Y. and Álvarez-González, C. J. (2004), Differences in Paranormal Beliefs across Fields of Study from a Spanish Adaptation of Tobacyk´s RPBS. Journal of Parapsychology, 68 (2): 405-421. Dobzhansky, T. (1973), Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution. The American Biology Teacher, 35: 125-129. Egan, V., Auty, J., Miller, R., Ahmadi, S., Richardson, C. and Gargan, I. (1999), Sensational Interests and General Personality Traits. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 10 (3): 567-582. doi:10.1080/09585189908402160 Eysenck, H. J. (1991), Dimensions of Personality: 16, 5, or 3? – Criteria for a Taxonomic Paradigm. Personality and Individual Differences, 12 (8): 773-790. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90144-Z Fichten, C. S. and Sunerton, B. (1983), Popular Horoscopes and the "Barnum Effect." Journal of Psychology, 114 (1): 123-134. doi:10.1080/ 00223980.1983.9915405 Gallagher, C., Kumar, V. K. and Pekala, R. J. (1994), The Anomalous Experiences Inventory: Reliability and Validity. Journal of Parapsycho-
Goldberg, L. R., Johnson, J. A., Eber, H. W., Hogan, R., Ashton, M. C., Cloninger, C. R. and Gough, H. G. (2006), The International Persona- lity Item Pool and the Future of Public-Domain Personality Mea- sures. Journal of Research in Personality, 40 (1): 84-96. doi:10.1016/j.jrp. 2005.08.007 Goulding, A. (2005), Healthy Schizotypy in a Population of Paranor- mal Believers and Experients. Personality and Individual Differences, 38 (5): 1069-1083. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.07.006 197
DRU[. ISTRA@. ZAGREB GOD. 21 (2012), BR. 1 (115), STR. 181-201 MIKLOUŠIĆ, I., MLAČIĆ, B., MILAS, G.: PARANORMAL BELIEFS...
Gračanin, A., Kardum, I. and Krapić, N. (2004), Odnos pridjevske i u- pitničke mjere dimenzija petofaktorskog modela ličnosti [The Re- lation between Adjective and Questionnaire Measures of the Five Fac- tor Model of Personality Dimensions]. Psihologijske teme, 13 (1): 33-46. Greenberg, J., Solomon, S. and Pyszczynski, T. (1997), Terror Ma- nagement Theory of Self-Esteem and Cultural Worldviews: Empiri- cal Assessments and Conceptual Refinements. Advances in Experimen-
Hartman, S. E. (1999), Another View of the Paranormal Belief Scale. The Journal of Parapsychology, 63 (2): 131-141. Horn, J. L. (1965), A Rationale and Test for the Number of Factors in Factor Analysis. Psychometrika, 30 (2): 179-185. doi:10.1007/BF02289447
Irwin, H. J. (1993), Belief in the Paranormal: A Review of the Empi- rical Literature. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 87 (1): 1-39. Irwin, H. J. (2000), Belief in the Paranormal and a Sense of Control over Life. European Journal of Parapsychology, 15: 68-78. Irwin, H. J. (2009), The Psychology of Paranormal Belief: A Researcher's
Lange, R., Irwin, H. J. and Houran, J. (2000), Top-Down Purification of Tobacyk's Revised Paranormal Belief Scale. Personality and Indivi-
Lawrence, T. R. (1995a), How Many Factors of Paranormal Belief are There?: A Critique of the PBS. Journal of Parapsychology, 58: 3-25. Lawrence, T. R. (1995b), Moving on from the Paranormal Belief Scale: A Final Reply to Tobacyk. Journal of Parapsychology, 59: 131-140. Lawrence, T. R. and De Cicco, P. (1997), The Factor Structure of the Paranormal Belief Scale: More Evidence in Support of the Oblique Five. Journal of Parapsychology, 61 (3): 243-251. Lawrence, T. R., Roe, C. A. and Williams, C. (1997), Confirming the Factor Structure of the Paranormal Beliefs Scale: Big Orthogonal Seven or Oblique Five? The Journal of Parapsychology, 61 (1): 13-31. Lindeman, M. and Aarnio, K. (2006), Paranormal Beliefs: Their Di- mensionality and Correlates. European Journal of Personality, 20 (7): 585-602. doi:10.1002/per.608 Lindeman, M. and Aarnio, K. (2007), Superstitious, Magical, and Pa- ranormal Beliefs: An Integrative Model. Journal of Research in Persona- lity, 41 (4): 731-744. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.06.009 Lindeman, M., Keskivaara, P. and Roschier, M. (2000), Assessment of Magical Beliefs about Food and Health. Journal of Health Psychology, 5 (2): 195-209. doi:10.1177/135910530000500210 MacDonald, D. A. (2000), Spirituality: Description, Measurement, and Relation to the Five Factor Model of Personality. Journal of Personality, 68 (1): 153-197. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.t01-1-00094 198
DRU[. ISTRA@. ZAGREB GOD. 21 (2012), BR. 1 (115), STR. 181-201 MIKLOUŠIĆ, I., MLAČIĆ, B., MILAS, G.: PARANORMAL BELIEFS...
Marinović Jerolimov, D. (2005), Tradicionalna religioznost u Hrvat- skoj 2004.: između kolektivnoga i individualnoga [Traditional Re- ligiosity in Croatia in 2004: Between the Collective and Individual.
McCrae, R. R. and Costa, P. T., Jr. (1997), Conceptions and Correlates of Openness to Experience. In: R. Hogan, J. A. Johnson and S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of Personality Psychology (pp. 825-847). Or- lando, FL: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/B978-012134645-4/50032-9 Mlačić, B. and Goldberg, L. R. (2007), An Analysis of a Cross-Cultural Personality Inventory: The IPIP Big-Five Factor Markers in Croatia.
701267993 Moore, D. W. (2005.), Three in Four Americans Believe in Paranormal. Gallup Poll, Princeton, NJ: Gallup. http://www.gallup.com/poll/16915/ Three-Four-Americans-Believe-Paranormal.aspx (16. 4. 2010) Norenzayan, A. and Hansen, I. G. (2006), Belief in Supernatural A- gents in the Face of Death. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32 (2): 174-187. doi:10.1177/0146167205280251 Norenzayan, A. and Shariff, A. F. (2008), The Origin and Evolution of Religious Prosociality. Science, 322 (5898): 58-62. doi:10.1126/science. 1158757 Rattet, S. L. and Bursik, K. (2001), Investigating the Personality Correlates of Paranormal Belief and Precognitive Experience. Per- sonality and Individual Differences, 31 (3): 433-444. doi:10.1016/S0191- 8869(00)00148-3 Sagan, C. (1995), The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the
Saroglou, V. (2002), Religion and the Five Factors of Personality: A Meta- -Analytic Review. Personality and Individual Differences, 32 (1): 15-25. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00233-6 Saroglou, V. and Jaspard, J.-M. (2000), Personality and Religion: From Eysenck's Taxonomy to the Five-Factor Model. Archive for the Psycho- logy of Religion, 23 (1): 41-70. doi:10.1163/157361200X00050 Saucier, G. (1992), Openness versus Intellect: Much Ado about No- thing? European Journal of Personality, 6 (5): 381-386. doi:10.1002/per .2410060506 Saucier, G. (2000), Isms and the Structure of Social Attitudes. Journal
78.2.366
Saucier, G. and Skrzypińska, K. (2006), Spiritual But Not Religious? Evidence for Two Independent Dispositions. Journal of Personality, 74 (5): 1257-1292. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00409.x Smith, C. L., Johnson, J. L. and Hathaway, W. (2009), Personality Con- tributions to Belief in Paranormal Phenomena. Individual Differences
Thalbourne, M. A. (1994), Belief in the Paranormal and Its Relation- ship to Schizophrenia-Relevant Variables: A Confirmatory Study.
8260.1994.tb01097.x 199 DRU[. ISTRA@. ZAGREB GOD. 21 (2012), BR. 1 (115), STR. 181-201 MIKLOUŠIĆ, I., MLAČIĆ, B., MILAS, G.: PARANORMAL BELIEFS... Thalbourne, M. A. and Delin, P. S. (1993), A New Instrument for Measuring the Sheep-Goat Variable: Its Psychometric Properties and Factor Structure. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 59: 172-186. Thalbourne, M. A., Dunbar, K. A. and Delin, P. S. (1995), An Investi- gation into Correlates of Belief in the Paranormal. Journal of the So-
Thalbourne, M. A. and French, C. C. (1995), Paranormal Belief, Ma- nic-Depressiveness, and Magical Ideation: A Replication. Personality
(94)00146-J Thalbourne, M. A. and Haraldsson, E. (1980), Personality Characte- ristics of Sheep and Goats. Personality and Individual Differences, 1 (2): 180-185. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(80)90040-9 Tobacyk, J. J. (1982), Paranormal Belief and Trait Anxiety. Psychological Reports, 51: 861-862. doi:10.2466/pr0.1982.51.3.861 Tobacyk, J. J. (1988), A Revised Paranormal Belief Scale, Unpublished manuscript, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA. Tobacyk, J. J. (1995), Final Thoughts on Issues in the Measurement of Paranormal Beliefs. Journal of Parapsychology, 59: 141-145. Tobacyk, J. J. and Milford, G. (1983), Belief in Paranormal Pheno- mena: Assessment Instrument Development and Implications for Personality Functioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44 (5): 1029-1037. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.44.5.1029 Tobacyk, J. J. and Mitchell, T. (1987), Out-of-Body Experience Status as a Moderator of Effects of Narcissism on Paranormal Beliefs. Psy-
Tobacyk, J. J., Nagot, E. and Mitchell, T. (1989), Prediction of Future Events Scale: Assessment of Beliefs about Predicting the Future. The
1989.9712090 Tobacyk, J. J. and Thomas, A. (1997), How the Big Orthogonal Seven is Really the Oblique Seven. Journal of Parapsychology, 61: 337-342. Tobacyk, J. J. and Wilkinson, L. V. (1990), Magical Thinking and Pa- ranormal Beliefs. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5: 255-264. Williams, E., Francis, L. J. and Robbins, M. (2007), Personality and Paranormal Belief: A Study among Adolescents. Pastoral Psychology, 56 (1): 9-14. doi:10.1007/s11089-007-0094-x Wilson, D. S. (2002), Darwin's Cathedral: Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society, Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press. Windholz, G. and Diamant, L. (1974), Some Personality Traits of Be- lievers in Extraordinary Phenomena. Bulletin of the Psychonomic So-
Wiseman, R. and Watt, C. (2004), Measuring Superstitious Belief: Why Lucky Charms Matter. Personality and Individual Differences, 37 (8): 1533-1541. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.02.009 200 DRU[. ISTRA@. ZAGREB GOD. 21 (2012), BR. 1 (115), STR. 181-201 MIKLOUŠIĆ, I., MLAČIĆ, B., MILAS, G.: PARANORMAL BELIEFS... Paranormalna vjerovanja i osobine ličnosti u Hrvatskoj Igor MIKLOUŠIĆ, Boris MLAČIĆ, Goran MILAS Institut društvenih znanosti Ivo Pilar, Zagreb Cilj ove studije bilo je istraživanje povezanosti peterofaktorskoga modela ličnosti i paranormalnih vjerovanja. Sudionici istraživanja (N=307) bili su studenti Sveučilišta u Zagrebu (Hrvatska). Od mjera je primijenjena IPIP verzija upitnika peterofaktorskoga modela (Goldberg i sur., 2006.) te revidirana skala paranormalnih vjerovanja (Tobacyk, 1988.). Faktorska analiza revidirane skale paranormalnih vjerovanja upozorila je na, do sada nezabilježenu, trofaktorsku strukturu, pri čemu su dobivene dimenzije nazvane: generalna paranormalna vjerovanja, tradicionalna religijska vjerovanja i rituali i prakse. Najznačajnije povezanosti ličnosti s dimenzijama paranormalnih vjerovanja nađene su za faktore otvorenosti, savjesnosti i neuroticizma. Rezultati su djelomično potvrdili prijašnje nalaze, pokazujući sklonost otvorenijih pojedinaca prema generalnim paranormalnim vjerovanjima i odbacivanju tradicionalnih religijskih vjerovanja. Dimenzija savjesnosti pokazala se pozitivno povezana s tradicionalnim religijskim, a negativno s generalnim paranormalnim vjerovanjima. Neuroticizam se pokazao povezan s ritualima i praksama, tj. praznovjerjem, proricanjem i okultnim praksama. Povezanosti su se pokazale umjerenima (0,11 – 0,25), a novootkrivena struktura paranormalnih vjerovanja i njezina povezanost s osobinama ličnosti promatrana je kroz evolucijsku perspektivu. Ograničenja i smjernice za buduće istraživače naznačene su na kraju. Ključne riječi: paranormalna vjerovanja, osobine ličnosti, Tobacyk, peterofaktorski model, evolucija 201 DRU[. ISTRA@. ZAGREB GOD. 21 (2012), BR. 1 (115), STR. 181-201 MIKLOUŠIĆ, I., MLAČIĆ, B., MILAS, G.: PARANORMAL BELIEFS... Yüklə 207,87 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
|