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155 
 
Committee in light of the existing situation. Then, in order to revitalize the 
independent Caucasian Confederation, he asked the Conference, to set up a new 
and more influential Caucasian organization in compliance with the spirit of the 14 
July Pact.
397
 
The representatives of the three nations participating in Conference decided 
to form the Caucasian Confederation Council (Kafkasya Konfederasyon Şurası). 
This Council was set up on the basis of equal representation of the national centers 
of Azerbaijan, Georgia and the North Caucasus.
398
 The duties of the new body 
were also determined during this Conference. 
“ 1) To overthrow the Russian invasion government in the Caucasus, to 
make the Caucasian nations ready for the revival of the Caucasian republics 
and organize the unification of these republics in the form of Confederation. 
2) To establish political and organizational connections with the 
organizations of the other captive nations of the Soviet Union. 
3) The Caucasian Confederation Council is ready to establish contacts with 
revolutionary forces of the Russian nation who are unconditionally accepted 
the right to independence of Russian captive nations, and in favour of 
solving all kinds of international problems through peaceful means and 
arbitration. 
4) The Caucasian Confederation Council, during it’s struggle to accomplish 
its objectives, depends only on its own power, which comes from 
discontented nations, relies on the benevolence and the support of the 
Caucasian friends and refrains from taking any kind of steps that would be 
put them in threat. The Council, taking its member nationalities’ interests 
into account would stay, only, as the builder and the owner of the Caucasian 
politics.”
399
 
 
                                                                                                                                        
395
 D. Vaçnadze, ‘Hariçte Kafkasya birliği hareketi tarihi II,’ Birleşik Kafkasya (Vereinigtes 
Kaukasien), (Munich), 6(23): 8. Hereafter “Birlik Tarihi II.” 
396
 Vesikalar, 21. 
397
 Vesikalar, 22. 
398
 M. Resulzade, “Kafkasya Meseleleri V,” 7. 
399
 Vesikalar, 25-26. 

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156 
 
Following the elections of the members of the Council and talks, the 
Conference issued a declaration and began to function.
400
 
 
6- Caucasian Confederation Pact and the Opposition: 
The first, if negligible, opposition to the Caucasian Mountaineers People 
Party came from its predecessor, the Union of Caucasian Mountaineers. Despite the 
fact that new Party was established by most of its members, the Union did not 
cease exists. Presided over by Murat Hatağogu who was not allowed to participate 
to the new party, some opponent continued to work.
401
 Moreover, another 
opposition organization, the Union of Caucasian Nations (Kafkasya Milletler 
Birliği  or  Soyuz Naroda Kavkaza) was established by some North Caucasian 
emigres led by M. Abatsiyev and H. Hatayev. The Caucasian Mountaineers People 
Party refused these organisations vehemently. Of the opposition movements, 
‘Kavkaz’ set up by Haydar Bammat, the former Foreign Minister of the North 
Caucasian Republic of 1918 was the most organized and long-lasting one.
402
 
 
The basic social and political policies of the Kavkaz group
403
 could easily 
be followed from its periodical Kavkaz. The first issue of the Kavkaz was published 
in October 1934 in Paris. The members of the group were very knowledgeable 
                                                 
400
 For the text of Declaration see Vesikalar, 57-60. And for the reactions of several numbers of 
media see Vesikalar, 29-44. 
401
 Aydın Turan, April 1997. “Kafkasya Dağlıları Birliği (Soyuz Gortsev Kavkaza),”  Toplumsal 
Tarih, 7(40): 49. 
402
 For the analysis of a split among the North Caucasians see F. Daryal (Fuat Emircan), “Ön Söz,” 
and “Kafkas İşleri,” 1938. Kafkasya: Kafkasya Hakında Yazılar Dergisi II, F. Daryal, eds., İstanbul: 
Matbaai Ebuzziya, 3-4 and 65-68. Hereafter Yazılar Dergisi II. 
403
 Attributed to the periodical Kavkaz that had been started to publish in October 1934 by Bammat 
in Paris, this group was labelled as ‘Kavkaz group’. 

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native Caucasians who had often participated in the work of their respective 
national movements and short-lived governments. While the Azeri and Georgians 
of greatest international prominence were connected to the Promethean front, this 
was not the case with the North Caucasians, who were instead bound up with 
Kavkaz. As a reflection of the ideology of the group the periodical had been 
publishing with the help of Japanese embassy in Paris and was partly printed in 
Berlin, Charlottenburg.
404
 
In fact, the ultimate goal of the group was not so different to the other group 
the realization of “the independence of the harmed fatherland”
405
 Their strategy, 
tactics, and world outlook nevertheless differentiated sharply. 
The Kavkaz group sought to establish the Caucasus as a ‘Switzerland of the 
East’ by adopting a decentralized canton system used in that country. It worked to 
stimulate Armenian interest, to promote a careful and tolerant religious policy, 
which would help in building up a genuine Caucasian nationality that would 
occupy a buffer state, a Caucasian Confederation, between Russia and the Middle 
East along borders already, established with Turkey and Iran. 
According to Bammat, distress and the economic crises after the Great 
World War caused the emergence of three different ideologies totally opposed to 
the basic principles of the pro-war period’s mentality. Among them, Marxism 
transformed into an ‘oligarchy of party bosses’ in the hands of the Bolsheviks in 
the Soviet Union. Contrary to that, fascism and national socialism, in Italy and 
                                                 
404
 Patrik von zur Muhlen, Gamalıhaç ile Kızılyıldız Arasında, 34-35. 
405
 “We learned at the expense of blood and the lost independece that we have no alternative of 
improvement but only the establishment of a Caucasian state that made up of all the nations of the 
Caucasus.” Haydar Bammat, “Hedefimiz,” 1936. Kafkas Almanağı, F. Daryal, eds., İstanbul, 6. 
Hereafter Almanak. 

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