un-, over-, under-
etc.
b) Romanic, such as :
in-, de-, ex-, re-
etc.
c) Greek, such as :
sym-, hyper-
etc.
Besides, there are a lot of borrowed suffixes in English:
Auto-, Demi-, Mono-, Multi-, Semi-, Post-;
Exercise#2. You are given different classifications of suffixes in English,
Russian and Uzbek languages. According to the classification match the
suffixes with their sub groups.
I.
Part-of-speech classification
1. noun-forming suffixes
-ize
,
-ify
,
-а-ть
,
-а
,
-лан
2. adjective-forming suffixes -
able
, -
less
,
-ous
,
-ный-ной
,
-ли
,
- и
3. verb-forming suffixes
-er
,
-
ism
,
-ни
,
- ц
,
-увч
,
-чили
4. adverb-forming suffixes
-teen
,
-ty
,
-надцать
,
-ой (-ый)
,
-та
5. numeral-forming suffixes
-ly
,
-о
,
-лаб
,
-она
.
II.
Semantic classification
1
.
nationality
-ness
,
-ity
,
- чан
2.the agent of the action -
dom
,
-ry
,
-ship
,
-ati
3. quality
- ian
,
-ese
,
-ish
,
- ич
,
-ли
.
4.diminutiveness
-er
,
-ist
,
-ent
,
-о
,
-чи
.
183
5.
collectivity
-ie, -let, -ling, -ette.
III.
The lexico-grammatical character of the stem.
1. suffixes added to verbal stems
-e,-ly
,
-ish
,
-ness
,
-о ть
,
-и- ,-ли
2. suffixes added to noun stems -
er, -ing,
- т о, -аци , - ич, -ги
3.suffixes added to adjective stems
-less
,
-ful
,
-ni-ый
,
-ный,- ор,гар
Exercise#3. Look at the suffixes in thechart below. Give the examples for each
according to the classification in compared languages.
Part-of-speech
classification
Semantic classification
Lexico-grammatical
character of the stem
1. -ize
,
-ify
,
-а-ть
,
-а
,
-
лан
Ex.
1.
-
dom
,
-ry
,
-ship
,
-ati
Ex.
1. -e,-ly
,
-ish
,
-ness
,
-
о ть
,
-и- ,-ли
Ex.
2.-
able
, -
less
,
-ous
,
-ный-
ной
,
-ли
,
-сиз
Ex.
2. -er
,
-ist
,
-ent
,
-о
,
-чи
.
Ex.
2.
-
er, -ing,
- т о, -аци ,
- ич, -ги
Ex.
3. -er
,
-
ism
,
-ник
,
-ец
,
-
увчи
,
-чилик
Ex.
3. - ian
,
-ese
,
-ish
,
- ич
,
-
ли
.
Ex.
3. -less
,
-ful
,
-ni-ый
,
-
ный,- ор,гар
Ex.
4. -teen
,
-ty
,
-надцать
,
-ой (-ый)
,
-та
Ex.
4.-ness
,
-ity
,
- чан
Ex.
►
Activities for self-improvement
184
Exercise#1. Are these statements true (√) or false (×)? Correct the false
statements.
1. _____Stress interchange is occurred in all compared languages.
2. _____ Sound interchange is one of the ways of productive word formation
3. _____ Sound imitation is the way of word-building when a word is formed
by imitating different sounds.
4. _____ Sounds produced by animals, birds, insects, such as: to hiss, to buzz,
to bark, to moo, to twitter etc; лаять, мычать, щебетать, вовулламоқ,
миёвламоқ, сайрамоқ.
5. _____ Sounds produced by human beings, such as : to splash, to rustle, to
clatter, to bubble, to ding-dong, to tinkle etc; звякать, звенеть, греметь,
тақилламоқ,
шитирламоқ,
тарақ-туруқ.
6. _____ In blends three ways of word-building are combined
7. _____ Back formation is the way of word-building when a word is formed by
dropping the final morpheme to form a new word.
8. _____ One of the Russian non-morphological ways of word formation is
semantic, which can express the similar function with Uzbek semantic way of
forming words.
9. _____ The last distinctive feature of Uzbek language word formation way is
composition, which cannot be found in other compared languages.
10. _____ The main way of word formation in English is considered
compounding, while in Russian and Uzbek it is affixation.
Exercise#2. Check your comprehension on comparative analysis of English
and Native languages word-formation types.
Tick√ what can you understand.
• Can differentiate the ways of word formation in
English, Russian and Uzbek languages
• Can understand differences and similarities of word
formation in compared lamguages.
• Can understand different classifications of suffixes in
English, Russian and Uzbek languages
185
Test yourself on Typology of lexical level of English and Native
Languages
1.
What does study Lexical typology?
a)
It deals with the meaning of words both lexically and semantically
b)
It deals with the units of lexical levels
c)
It deals with structural meanings of words
d)
It deals with the units of morphological and lexical levels
2.
Give definition of the lexical typology…
a)
It is a systematic cross-linguistic study of how languages express meaning
by way of signs
b)
It is an independent branch of linguistic typology and concerns to every
level of language hierarchy
c)
It is an independent branch of linguistic typology and deals with a
comparison of the units of lexical units
d)
It is an independent branch of linguistic typology and deals with some
problems of grammar
3.
From how many branches Lexical typology consists of?
a)
5
b)
4
c)
6
d)
7
4.
What kind of dimensions has Lexical-typological research?
a)
Synchronic and diachronic
b)
Synchronic and panchronic
c)
Diachronic and panchronic
d)
Synchronic, diachronic and panchronic
5.
What language is considered as asingle-morphemic structure of a word?
a)
Russian
b)
English
c)
Turkish
d)
Uzbek
186
6.
What is word changing type of forming words in every language?
a)
It is a type which includes morphemes of case affixes, personal endings
and etc.
b)
It is a type which includes various types of its content and its form
according to its place in the word such affixes and prefixes
c)
It is a type which content can be equal to the word
7.
To try- a try, round-round, hand- to hand
what kind of type of the way of
word forming is it?
a)
Word changing
b)
Word building
c)
Word helping
d)
Single-morphemic
8.
How many adjective building suffixes exist in order to build adjectives from
nouns?
a)
10
b)
9
c)
20
d)
24
9.
What is anagglutinative way of forming words?
a)
when affixing morphemes are added to root automatically without
changing its phoneme structure
b)
when with adding affixing morphemes their phoneme structure can be
changed
c)
when the content can be equal to the word
10.
What languages contain a group of adjectives, which characterizes
emotional coloring of diminutively pet meanings?
a)
Russian and English
b)
English and Uzbek
c)
Only Uzbek
d)
Russian and Uzbek
11.
In what languages are root morphemes equal to the word according to its
sound content?
a)
Flective
187
b)
Agglutinative
c)
Isolating
d)
Polysynthetic
12.
“Kick the bucket, тарвузи қўлтиғидан тушиб кетди”.
What kind of type
of phraseological units are they?
a)
Phraseological collocations
b)
Phraseological units
c)
Phraseological fusions
d)
Phraseological idioms
13.
What are phraseological collocations?
a)
They are the units when one of the words of the phrase has its lexical
meaning and connected to another one
b)
They are a relation of words where the content of words don’t have their
lexical meanings
c)
They are such kind of phrases where the lexical meaning of a word are
expressed with their own
14.
To keep an eye, to kill two birds with one stone, ширин сўз, оғир йигит
into what type of phraseological units they can be included?
a)
Phraseological collocations
b)
Phraseological units
c)
Phraseological fusions
d)
Phraseological idioms
15.
How in English the meaning of gender may be expressed?
a)
Lexical – semantic means
b)
Syntactic means
c)
The use of suffixes
d)
The use of prefix
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