Ministry of higher and secondary special education of the republic uzbekistan state world languages university

Suprasegmental phonology
(prosodics) studies the 
distinctive features realized in syllables, stress, and intonation.
The fundamental concept of phonemics is the phoneme which is the smallest 
meaningless unit of a language and which forms, distinguishes words and 
morphemes. The linguistic form and content are described by other branches of 
linguistics. 
At a given time, the set of phonemes in a language is a closed set (like 
function words and syntactic rules). The set of phonemes changes only over time. 
English, for instance, has lost the phonemes [x] and [∑]. English has also gained 
phonemes by borrowing foreign words with the sounds [z] and [Z]. Neither of 
these sounds was phonemes in English until they entered the language in numerous 
words borrowed from Norman French after 1066. Similarly, the sound [t] was not 
part of Russian until after the Christianization in 988, when many Greek words 
containing [f] were borrowed by the Slavs.
The Phonological typology deals with thecomparison of units of the 
phonological level of language. It engages in theallocation of phonological 
differential signs, defining their universality, study of thephonological structure of 
languages, classification of languages based on their phonological features (e.g. tonic 
and atonic languages), defining thephonemic structure of world languages and many 

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others. For a long time,the Prague linguistic school was the center of Phonological 
typology. A certain contribution to thedevelopment of Phonological typology was 
made by N.S.Trubetskoy who is considered the founder of Typology of Phonological 
systems.
Phonological typology involves comparing languages according to the 
number or type of sound they contain. Although there are inevitable problems in 
dividing the sounds of any language into separate abstract units (phonemes), 
linguists usually compare languages according to the number of different groups 
which participate in meaningful sound contrasts (i.e. phonemes) rather than the 
total number of actual speech sounds. Every language has a fairly small inventory 
of these sets or phonemes. Moreover, the number varies from language to 
language. In comparison, Hawaiian has only 18; Kabardian has over 80, and the 
Roisan language is reported to have 141 phonemes or mutually contrastive sets of 
sounds, Abhasian has 60. 
The second aspect of phonological typology classifies languages according 
to the type of sounds present or absent in each language. Some sounds are only 
rarely found in languages. 
Unusual sounds include: the Czech and Slovak voiced sound [h], Arabic 
pharyngeal. Arabic, English, new-Greek, Bashkirian [ө] and [ә], in Danish [ð] 
only, Uzbek, Arabic[қ], [ғ], [ҳ]. 
Unusual omissions also include labial (nearly completely absent in 
Cherokee, Tlingit), nasals (absent from several Salish languages), Sibiliants 
(absent from Hawaiian). 
No known language entirely lacks either obstruent or sonorant. No known 
language entirely lacks either vowels or consonants, although Rotoras has only six 
consonants, certain Northwest Caucasian languages such as Kabardian have only 
one vowel.
Languages are also classified into consonantal if the consonants are 
absolutely more than vowels and non-consonantal if the number of vowels is more, 
equal or even nearly equal (
A. Isachenko; T. Kovalev
). 
Kramsky 
developed the theory of 
A. Isachenko
analyzing the number of 
consonant-vocals in the text, when 
T.Milevsky
analyses number correlation with 
quality of sounds-Eastern (Atlantic), Western (Pacific Oceanic) and Middle sound 
type American languages.
The first founders of phonetics were such outstanding linguists as 
I.A.Badouin de Courtenay,N. Krushevsky, P.Passy, A.Sweet, F.de Saussure 
and 
others. 

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The Prague linguistic school was the center of phonological typology in its 
time. 
N.S. Trubetskoy
is considered as the founder of thetypology of 
thephonological system (theory of distinctive features).
There are other well-know linguists such as 
R. Jacobson, C. G. Fant, M. 
Halle 
(spectrographic/acoustic classification),
A. Isachenko, T. Kovalev, I. 
Kramsky, T. Milevsky, C. V. Voegelin, J. C. Pierce 
(quantitative criterion)
, A. 
Martine 
(suprasegmental typological classification)
, G. P. Melnikov, V. A. 
Vasilyev, E. D. Polivanov, A. M. Sherbak
and others. 
The main achievement in thedevelopment of phonological typology is 
phonological universals. E.g. All languages have vowels and consonants. If a 
language has voiced fricatives, it also has unvoiced fricatives, but not necessarily 
the other way round. 
Phonetics is the isolated and independent level in language hierarchy. It is 
more investigated science in linguistics. 
The following types of phonetics may be distinguished: 
1.