On measures for further development of Higher Education System

c) Professionalisms
Professionalisms, as the term itself signifies, are the words used in a definite trade, profession or calling by people connected by common interests both at work and at home. Thy commonly designate some working process or implement of labour. Professionalisms are correlated to terms.
The main feature of professionalism is its technicality. Professionalisms are special words in the non-literary layer of the English vocabulary.
Some professionalisms, like certain terms, become popular and gradually lose their professional flavour.
Professionalisms should not be mixed up with jargonisms. Like slang words, professionalisms do not aim at secrecy. They fulfil a socially useful function in communication, facilitating a quick and adequate grasp of the message.
Good examples of professionalisms as used by a man-of-letters’ can be found in Dreiser’s “Financier.” The following passage is an illustration.
Frank soon picked up all the technicalities of the situation. A “bull”, he learned, was one who bought in anticipation of a higher price to come; and if he was “loaded” up with a “line” of stocks he was said to be “long”. He sold to “realize” his profit, or if his margins were exhausted he was “wiped out”. A “bear” was one who sold stocks which most frequently he did not have, in anticipation of a lower price at which he could buy and satisfy his previous sales.. As is seen, each financial professionalism is explained by the author and the words themselves are in inverted commas to stress their peculiar idiomatic sense and also to indicate that the words do not belong to the standard English vocabulary in the meanings they are used.
e) Vulgar Words or Vulgarisms
The term vulgarism, as used to single out a definite group of words of non-standard English, is rather misleading. The ambiguity of the term apparently proceeds from the etymology of the word. These two submeanings are the foundation of what we here name vulgarisms. So vulgarisms are:
1) expletives and swear words which are of an abusive character, like ‘damn’, ‘bloody’, ‘to hell’, ‘goddam’ and, as some dictionaries state, used now as general exclamations;
2) obscene words. These are known as four-letter words the use of which is banned in any form of intercourse as being indecent Historians tell us that in Middle Ages and down into the 16^th century they were accepted in oral speech and after Caxton even admitted to the printed page.
We can find vulgar words in one of the famous novel “The Catcher in the Rye” by J.D.Salinger:
• They don’t do any damn more molding at Pencey than they do at any other school.
• I was the goddam manager of the fencing team.
• So I got the ax.
Common colloquial words. The essential part of these words constitutes common neutral vocabulary which is in everyday usage and is the pan of Standard English. Colloquial words may be divided into several large groups:
1) words which change their phonetic form,
2) words which change their form and meaning, 3) words which change their meaning in certain contexts etc.
Among the first group of the most widely spread are the shortened word-combinations: s'long (so long), s'right (that's right), lemme (let me), gimme (give me), kina (kind of), gonna (going to), im (him), ud (would) 'kew (thank you), wi’ (with), t' (to), dunno (don't know).
Sometimes certain syllables may be omitted: 'cos (because), or the letter "h" is very often omitted: 'ave (have), 'eaven (heaven), 'im (him); some sounds may change: gals (girls), nawh (now), yeh (yes), Que fella (old fellow)..
Here is a sample of a dialogue in which we can see different sons of violation of phonetic rules;
"Yuh gotta wife, hain't you?"
"Yes," replied Cowperwood.
"Well, the rules here are that yer wife or yer friend kin come to see you once in three months and yer lawyer — yuh gotta lawyer, hain't yuh?
"Yes, sir," replied Cowperwood, amused.
"Well, hekin come every week or so if he likes... there hain't no rules about lawyers... the warden'U come and git yuh and give yuh yer regular cell summers downstairs. Yuh kin make up yer mind by that time what /u'dlike tun do, what y"u'd like to work at ..."
In this extract we see the speech of an uneducated person. Instead of "can" he uses "kin", yuh (you), git (get), yer (your), summers (somewhere), tun (to). We see here also the violation of grammar rules: Yuh goita lawyers (have you got a lawyer), hain't yuhl .(haven't you?), there hain't no rules (there aren't any rules).
While we speak about the peculiarities of oral speech specialattention should be paid to the children's speech in which we have a lot of contracted forms of words: doc (doctor), telly (television), fridge (refrigerator), tittleuns (little ones), biguns (big ones); words with dimunitive suffixes: beastie (beast), mitkie (milk), pussy (cat), bunny (rabbit), utter (sister) etc. [26, 87]
Some examples in Uzbek: (оpta (оlibdi), kepti (kelibdi), chechmoq (yechmoq, some words from Russian that prononced as Uzbek do’xtir (доктор), matatsikl (мо­тоцикл), malades (молодец), prasan (процент), melisa (милиция) and others.
In the second group we have such words as crammer (from the cram, fill the head with facts for an examination), oldie (the old song), tenner (ten-pound note), or the coinage of new meanings in the following word-combinations: back number (out-of-date or old fashioned method, thing, person), strap-hanger (standing passenger in a bus, train etc), get the axe {be dismissed from one's job), colt (young men with little experience), to ache (to have a longing, He ached to be free).
In the second group we have also new words (neologisms) formed with the help of various affixes. For example, nouns formed with the help of suffixes which have negative meaning. For example: gawky, awkward or bashful person; cully, a person who is easily cheated or deceived; hussy, an ill mannered girl, a worthless woman; noddy, a stupid person; spoony, a silly, foolish, unduly, sentimental; quickie, a cheap film made or used to fill up a programme; starveling, one who is very thin; wordling, a person who talks much; footing, a silly man, monster, a person who is remarkable for some bad or evil quality; huckster, a person who profits by hawking goods; medicaster, a layman who heals or treats people medicinally; poetaster, an inferior poet; giglet, a girl who laughs in a silly manner; princelet, a petty prince. Nouns formed with the help of suffixes which have positive meaning: dolly, an attractive, fashionably dressed girl or young woman; puppy, a conceited young man; nestling, a bird too young to leave the nest.
'The following words constitute the third group of colloquial vocabulary:
I like his get up — I like his way and manner.
Let me know how you come out — let me know the results.
He was getting along in years — he was growing old.
The same changes in the usage we can see in the following examples: It really gets me when he gigles like that.
Please, get some sleep tonight.
The bullet got him in the belly.
Here the verbs "get", "come", are not used in their dictionary meanings, but have changed the meanings and acquired new (contextual) meanings.
Another example for colloquial speech in Uzbek: Sizga yolg’on, hudogachin, jonim o’rgilsin, bir zamon terazamdan mo’ralasam, bir uy xotin, erkak aralash! Jonim hiq etti-yu, halqumimga keldi turdi, o’rgilay. Hudo ko’rsatmasin, agar ularingiz bir aynab bersa bormi? "Olam guliston deyavering". Tag’inam chidaganga chiqarganakan, bo’lmasa, hammamiz adoiyi tamom bo’ldik, deng-a!"