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The subject οf the wοrk is primary school students and their learning experiences within the classroom setting.
Theοretical value οf the research is integrating both quantitative and qualitative research methods, this study aims to contribute to the advancement of pedagogical theories. Most existing studies in the field often lean towards either quantitative or qualitative approaches. Combining these methodologies provides a more holistic understanding of the complex dynamics of effective teaching in primary education.The research seeks to identify specific teaching strategies that correlate with positive learning outcomes for primary school students. This identification will contribute to the enhancement of existing teaching models, providing educators with evidence-based insights into strategies that can be adapted to various classroom contexts.
Methοd οf the research is employing a mixed-methods research design, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. This allows for a comprehensive understanding of teaching strategies by triangulating data from different sources.
The structure οf the wοrk cοnsists οf intrοductiοn, twο chapters, resume and the list of used literature.


CHAPTER I THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STORYTELLING IN EDUCATION

1. 
   Definition and forms of storytelling
   

A statement by the National Storytelling Network defines Storytelling as an ancient art form and a valuable form of human expression. Because story is essential to so many art forms, however, the word “storytelling” is often used in many ways.¹

As a result, the National Storytelling Network would like to explain the term as it is used by the growing and vibrant community of storytelling practitioners in the United States and Canada.
Our hope is to call attention to storytelling as an art worth promoting, and to help those outside the storytelling community to distinguish storytelling from other, related forms of human expression. Here is what most of us mean by “storytelling”. Storytelling is the interactive art of using words and actions to reveal the elements and images of a story while encouraging the listener’s imagination. Storytelling involves a two-way interaction between a storyteller and one or more listeners. The responses of the listeners influence the telling of the story. In fact, storytelling emerges from the interaction and cooperative, coordinated efforts of teller and audience. In particular, storytelling does not create an imaginary barrier between the speaker and the listeners. This is part of what distinguishes storytelling from the forms of theatre that use an imaginary “fourth wall.” Different cultures and situations create different expectations for the exact roles of storyteller and listener – who speaks how often and when, for example – and therefore create different forms of interaction. The interactive nature of storytelling partially accounts for its immediacy and impact. At its best, storytelling can directly and tightly connect the teller and audience. Storytelling always involves the presentation of a story—a narrative. Many other art forms also present story, but storytelling presents it with the other four components. Every culture has its own definition of story. What is recognized as a story in one situation may not be accepted as one in another. Some situations call for spontaneity and playful digression, for example; others call for near-exact repetition of a revered text. Art forms such as poetry recitation and stand-up comedy sometimes present stories and sometimes don’t. Since they generally involve the other four components, they can be regarded as forms of storytelling whenever they also present stories.
In storytelling, the listener imagines the story. In most traditional theatre or in a typical dramatic film, on the other hand, the listener enjoys the illusion that the listener is actually witnessing the character or events described in the story.
The storytelling listener’s role is to actively create the vivid, multi-sensory images, actions, characters, and events—the reality—of the story in his or her mind, based on the performance by the teller and on the listener’s own past experiences, beliefs, and understandings. The completed story happens in the mind of the listener, a unique and personalized individual. The listener becomes, therefore, a co-creator of the story as experienced.
Storytelling can be combined with other art forms. The fruit born by the vital, contemporary storytelling movement includes the development of ways to combine storytelling with drama, music, dance, comedy, puppetry, and numerous other forms of expression. Yet, even as it blends imperceptibly into other arts, the essence of storytelling remains recognizable as the intersection of the five components included in the above definition.
Storytelling happens in many situations, from kitchen-table conversation to religious ritual, from telling in the course of other work to performances for thousands of paying listeners. Some storytelling situations demand informality; others are highly formal. Some demand certain themes, attitudes, and artistic approaches. As noted above, the expectations about listener interaction and the nature of the story itself vary widely.There are many cultures on earth, each with rich traditions, customs and opportunities for storytelling. All these forms of storytelling are valuable. All are equal citizens in the diverse world of storytelling. ccording to Search Engine Watch 62% of marketing marketers are sure that storytelling is a powerful tool in their content marketing strategy. We explain why it is so important and how it can boost your company below.
Firstly, stories help companies draw consumers' attention. They engage people and, in such a way, raise their interest in your brand and increase brand awareness You can tell stories on different platforms: from TV advertisements to social media posts, from podcasts to video projects. It helps attract more buyers to your brand, especially if the story becomes viral.²
Secondly, compelling stories resonate with consumers’ feelings and evoke certain emotions. It allows companies to show people that they share their pains and needs. In such a way, you can humanize your brand, give buyers a sense of community, make them empathize with your company, and foster their loyalty
Thirdly, powerful storytelling adds value to your products and helps sell them better. When people are engaged in your stories, they are more likely to stay with your company and become regular clients. Increasing customer lifetime value lets businesses drive more revenue because existing clients spend more money than new ones.
Finally, storytelling is a great way to explain complicated things simply. Some companies promote concepts and developments that are difficult to understand for consumers. The best way to persuade people to buy these products is to connect them with simple ideas and feelings relevant to everyone. You can show how cutting-edge goods can improve people’s lives to raise their interest.
Consumers consider the story interesting when it tells about something important and relevant to them. However, it is not enough to make your storytelling engaging. Discover more on what creates a really good story in this section.
Central message and plot. Define the main idea of the story you tell. It should be a strong morality that influences the listeners’ emotions and reminds them about the importance of certain things. Once you define this core message, build a plot around it. Your story needs a beginning, climax, and end. Remember that all these elements should be connected and describe the central message. It is impossible to create an engaging story without tension. You can combine internal and external conflicts to keep people on edge and motivate them to listen till the end. Describe the challenges your characters face while trying to reach their goals. It helps evoke the audience's feelings and connect consumers with your brand through powerful experiences. Memorable personalities are one more necessary element in a good story. All characters should have their own goals, motivations, voices, strengths, weaknesses, challenges, and the ways they overcome them. Appearance is also very important. It should coincide with the inner world of the characters and distinguish them from each other. Remember that all personalities should play a certain role in the story and influence the plot. Choose remarkable places that coincide with your characters’ personalities and help the plot develop. The setting should reflect the atmosphere of your story. For example, if the plot is mysterious — you can choose dark and strange places; if it is funny — the setting can be bright and attractive.
Rhythm and structure. To keep listeners engaged, you should change the rhythm of the story. Mix long and short sentences, paragraphs, or scenes. Avoid monotonous narration. Also, your story should have a clear structure. It does not matter whether you tell the story orally, in writing, using visual elements, or even through play — a clear beginning, middle, and end of the plot are required. They should work together to transmit the central message of the story.³
The ending. The listeners need to have a clear understanding of the story’s resolution. It should not necessarily be a good one, but it should reflect the main idea of the plot. If you use storytelling in marketing, it is good to use a call to action at the end of the narrative. In such a way, you give the audience instructions about their future actions and come to the logical end of the story.
Understanding these elements can help you create powerful stories to influence your audiences’ buying decisions. Let’s go further and discover the main types of storytelling and how to use them in marketing.
According to the research by a professor at Stanford University, stories are the most effective way to deliver data. When his students heard a speech that included storytelling and facts, 63% remembered individual statistics. This fact proves the ultimate power of storytelling. Discover how to increase its effectiveness even more in this section.
Show what happens and use scene-by-scene construction. This tactic is the most effective in written storytelling. Instead of telling about the events, you should describe them. Transport the audience to the scene, and make them hear and feel the same as your characters do. It can help you immerse the readers into your story, engage them and influence their perceptions. Avoid missing some scenes and telling about them afterward. Remember that it is always better to show something than to state the fact of an event.
Make the story dynamic and easy to relate to. To engage the audience, you should evoke people’s emotions and feelings that are easy to understand. Don’t be afraid to show your or brand’s weaknesses and the ways you overcome them. Such elements make your storytelling more personal and especially captivating. However, you should avoid irrelevant details that do not boost the plot or influence your characters to keep consumers’ attention all the time.
Define a hero and an enemy. ⁴Strong characters are one of the most important elements of the story. People always need someone they will support and someone they will hate. Sometimes bad characters can be things, natural phenomena, or events that do not let positive ones reach their goals. The climax of the story is the biggest fight between the enemy and the hero.
Create a feeling of suspense and add unexpected events. It is also about continuous tensions that keep readers’ or listeners’ attention. You can create a non-linear storyline and start from the middle action or from the climax to hook the audience at once. Add surprises to your plot that keep conflict intensivе, make the audience empathize with the characters, and create a memorable story.
Improve your dialogues. It is one of the most challenging parts of the stories to write. Note that your characters should sound realistic and individual and stay consistent in their voices and communicational styles. Also, do not use dialogues if they don’t serve the development of the plot. Some changes in the characters’ personalities or actions should happen after every communication.
Remember these techniques to create strong stories that you can use in your company’s blogs, social media, or during promotional campaigns. In the next section, we provide examples of brands that used effective storytelling to boost their company. Storytelling is universal and is as ancient as humankind. Before there was writing, there was storytelling. It occurs in every culture and from every age. It exists (and existed) to entertain, to inform, and to promulgate cultural traditions and values.
Oral storytelling is telling a story through voice and gestures. The oral tradition can take many forms, including epic poems, chants, rhymes, songs, and more. Not all of these stories are historically accurate or even true. Truth is less important than providing cultural cohesion. It can encompass myths, legends, fables, religion, prayers, proverbs, and instructions.
Here are some examples of storytelling as a method of passing down cultural traditions. Definition of storytelling is the vivid description of ideas, beliefs, personal experiences, and life-lessons through stories or narratives
that evoke powerful emotions and insights.Advantages of storytelling. It has advantages over the communication techniques commonly used in organizations, be they electronic mail, reports, or formal speeches. First, it enables articulation of emotional aspects as well as factual content, allowing expression of tacit knowledge (that is always difficult to convey). Second, by providing the broader context in which knowledge arises, it increases the potential for meaningful knowledge-sharing. Third, by grounding facts in a narrativestructure, it augments the likelihood that learning will take place and be passed on. Purposeful storytelling can deliver results that conventional, abstract modes of communications such as those mentioned earlier cannot. Anyone can use it and become better at using it to reach many rapidly. Stories are an effective way of presenting your imagination, thoughts, feelings, and ideas to other people. They have the power to inspire, motivate, and change your opinions. Telling stories have always been proved to be the most efficient way of communication. Storytelling became the business buzzword since the eruption of advertising, but now, this skill is not limited to sales and marketing only.
Business storytelling is used to stay connected to your colleagues, staff, suppliers, partners, and your team members. It is the inspiring way to change opinions of your employees or help them achieve the goals which are considered to be impossible by them.
The only way in which business stories differ from other stories is that they have got some motivation, vision, and objective at the end and they are not for entertainment, unlike other stories. STORYTELLING is the art, in which a teller conveys a message, truths, information, knowledge, or wisdom to an audience – often subliminally – in an entertaining way, using whatever skills, (musical, artistic, creative) or props he chooses; to enhance the audience’s enjoyment, retention and understanding of the message conveyed. Stories are sometimes told purely for joy and delight.
I am aware that the above definition does not exclude, for example, George Miller, storyteller and producer of movies: Mad Max and Babe; or master storyteller and author, Bryce Courtenay, who lays his stories down in print, as well as telling them.
Perhaps our definition should be qualified for oral storytelling‘. The more I think about storytelling and attempt to nail it down with a definition, the more it slips away, like quicksilver. Like happiness, storytelling means different things to different people. Writing a definition is like pulling the wings off a butterfly, to see how it flies. The whole is greater than the sum of the individual parts’.
The need for a definition, arises from the need of professional tellers to be recognised, hired and paid an appropriate fee for their valuable services. The buyer wants to know What’s in it for me’.
We need to convince curriculum planners in Education Departments:
What a valuable tool storytelling is, when used to get a message across to students.
How storytelling can be used successfully, right across the curriculum – in reading, writing, history, science and many other subjects – in both primary and secondary schools; to benefit both teachers and students.
Storytelling is useful in multi cultural education; it can assist in creating classroom communities; in improving students’ emotional health; enhancing childrens’ grasp of our social and environmental responsibilities.
Stories truly are tools, the familiar implements of a teaching method, as ancient as speech – yet utterly modern. Quote from preface to: Tales as Tools – the Power of Story in the classroom. – National Storytelling, USA. 1994. Once taught as a subject and used by teachers knowingly, as a valuable tool, it can evolve from there to till whatever needs arise. As for different levels and types of storytelling, and applications of each type, we draw your attention to the criteria for storytelling accreditation, set up and working well for Australian Storytelling Guild (NSW). But that’s the business side of Storytelling and I need to recapture some of the magic, so I’ll close with a quote:
Each of us has been designed for one of two immortal functions, as either a storyteller or as a cross-legged listener to tales of wonder, love and daring. When we cease to tell or listen, then we no longer exist as a people. Dead men tell no tales.’ — Bryce Courtenay `A Recipe for dreaming‘.⁵ According to the research by a professor at Stanford University, stories are the most effective way to deliver data. When his students heard a speech that included storytelling and facts, 63% remembered the stories and only 5% individual statistics. This fact proves the ultimate power of storytelling. Discover how to increase its effectiveness even more in this section.
Show what happens and use scene-by-scene construction. This tactic is the most effective in written storytelling. Instead of telling about the events, you should describe them. Transport the audience to the scene, and make them hear and feel the same as your characters do. It can help you immerse the readers into your story, engage them and influence their perceptions. Avoid missing some scenes and telling about them afterward. Remember that it is always better to show something than to state the fact of an event.
Make the story dynamic and easy to relate to. To engage the audience, you should evoke people’s emotions and feelings that are easy to understand. Don’t be afraid to show your or brand’s weaknesses and the ways you overcome them. Such elements make your storytelling more personal and especially captivating. However, you should avoid irrelevant details that do not boost the plot or influence your characters to keep consumers’ attention all the time.
Define a hero and an enemy. Strong characters are one of the most important elements of the story. People always need someone they will support and someone they will hate. Sometimes bad characters can be things, natural phenomena, or events that do not let positive ones reach their goals. The climax of the story is the biggest fight between the enemy and the hero.
Create a feeling of suspense and add unexpected events. It is also about continuous tensions that keep readers’ or listeners’ attention. You can create a non-linear storyline and start from the middle action or from the climax to hook the audience at once. Add surprises to your plot that keep conflict intensivе, make the audience empathize with the characters, and create a memorable story.
Improve your dialogues. It is one of the most challenging parts of the stories to write. Note that your characters should sound realistic and individual and stay consistent in their voices and communicational styles. Also, do not use dialogues if they don’t serve the development of the plot. Some changes in the characters’ personalities or actions should happen after every communication.
Remember these techniques to create strong stories that you can use in your company’s blogs, social media, or during promotional campaigns. In the next section, we provide examples of brands that used effective storytelling to boost their company. Storytelling is universal and is as ancient as humankind. Before there was writing, there was storytelling. It occurs in every culture and from every age. It exists (and existed) to entertain, to inform, and to promulgate cultural traditions and values.
Oral storytelling is telling a story through voice and gestures. The oral tradition can take many forms, including epic poems, chants, rhymes, songs, and more. Not all of these stories are historically accurate or even true. Truth is less important than providing cultural cohesion. It can encompass myths, legends, fables, religion, prayers, proverbs, and instructions.
Here are some examples of storytelling as a method of passing down cultural traditions.