Preface to the lecture, 1

38

 

Approach

 

 

Fig. 3.0:       pyramid of causality

 

vortices are a consequence of the principle of causality

 

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Approach

 

39

 

3. Approach

 

In  the  question,  if there  exists  a  still  unknown  phenomenon that influences the

 

electromagnetic environmental compatibility, we must fall back far until upon the roots of

 

our physical understanding. Here we find a fundamental principle that until today is not

 

doubted and that is regarded as elementary, the principle of causality. Every result of a

 

measurement, every interpretation is checked for causality and only after passing this

 

examination it is accepted and published.

 

This principle of cause and effect has established, not only in physics but also in many 

other disciplines of science. Is an effect observed, so there immediately is asked for the 

cause. This principle encounters us in daily life

.

 

When all observable and measurable effects ever can be assigned to a cause without force 

and without exceptional regulations then the logical result is a pyramid of causality. On 

top a fundamental physical principle is found, that is regarded as given by nature or as 

given by god and that with its properties is responsible as the cause for different effects. 

These effects again appear as the cause for new effects and so on (Fig. 3.0). 

Sometime we have removed us so far from the top of the pyramid that a direct reference to 

the describable effects can't be made anymore, so the impression could arise that it 

concerns an isolated and independent discipline. We should take care not to think in such 

a monocausal way, because both delimitation and avoidance of interdisciplinary working 

methods will inevitably steer us into a dead end!

 

This pyramid of causality stands for the vision of a "unified theory", like it is demanded 

and sought-after by numerous research scientists. But as long as it is not found, we'll have

 

to do with unsolved problems of causality. About this any number of examples can be

 

given.

 

A physical principle based on the principle of causality is the vortex. This the eddy current 

demonstrates us clearly. The cause for its origin is an alternating field. According to

 

Faraday's law of induction this induces a voltage that in a conducting medium results in a 

current according to Ohm's law. Around this current according to Ampere's law an 

alternating field forms, that points perpendicular to the current and overlaps the original 

alternafing field. This induced field first of all is an effect that overlaps the cause and itself

 

becomes the cause. The effect that follows from that further overlaps and forms a new

 

cause etc. In this way vortices form.

 

Vortices quasi represent the principle of causality.

 

: When for instance a woman complains: "Doctor, my left knee hurts" (effect). 

The doctor diagnoses the cause: "Yes, that comes with age!" With that 

causality is established. "But doctor", says the woman, "my right knee is 

exactly as old as my left knee!" And already the doctor has a new problem of 

causality.

 

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40

 

Principle of causality

 

 

violations of the principle of causality:

 

1.

 

monopoles exist 

2.

 

starting point for the strong interaction 

3.

 

fields and quanta are a cause at the same time 

4.

 

hypothetical particles (gluons, quarks, etc.) 

5.

 

transmission of information with speeds faster than 

light 

 

•

 

with photons (University of Berkeley) 

•

 

with microwaves (University of Cologne) 

•

 

with laser beams (Technical Univ. of Vienna) 

6. transmission of energy with speeds faster than light

 

• with scalar waves (Nicola Tesla)

 

Fig. 3.1:    Causality or the principle of cause and effect 

Principle of Causality:

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Approach __________________________________________________________________________ 41

 

3.1 Principle of causality

 

Our physical view of life strictly obeys the rules of causality, the principle of cause and

 

effect. But there are numerous cases, where causality at first could not be fulfilled

 

anymore. Here alternate solutions had to be found to not endanger this very successful

 

principle. A few examples should clarify this:

 

1. Technically it is impossible to produce a magnetic monopole. When a north pole is 

produced then the accompanying south pole is also formed. In the same way only the 

positive and negative pole can be assembled as the so called dipole. In the microcosm 

however we find monopoles. Electrons are such particles. To restore causality we must 

grant the microcosm its own laws that are not valid in the macrocosm! But this 

monocausal hypothesis contradicts the observation that the microcosm represents an 

image of the macrocosm and vice versa. Doubts if this assertion is allowed are 

reasonable.

 

2. Like charges repel each other and that the more the smaller the distance gets. In an 

atomic nucleus positively like charged protons are together at the smallest possible 

room without any repulsion happening. Arithmetically seen all atomic nuclei would 

have to explosively fly to pieces. But because this doesn't happen, shortly a new and 

supposedly fundamental interaction, the strong interaction, was introduced to save 

causality. Nevertheless this interaction now holds the like particles in a not explained 

manner together. Causality could be obtained only by the introduction of a new 

fundamental phenomenon.

 

3. When causality should hold as the supreme principle, it should be demanded with 

priority for the fundamental phenomena of physics. Instead, in quantum 

electrodynamics the particle is attributed the same physical reality as the field. With the 

wave-particle duality Heisenberg has given out the corresponding formula of 

compromise. This slaps the face of the principle of cause and effect.

 

Causality on principle allows only two approaches for a solution: the quantum physical 

approach. which holds the quanta as the cause for the fields, and the field-theoretical 

ašproach. wherein only the fields act as the cause. For both approaches there are good 

arguments. The field theorists cite that fields can exist also in the vacuum, so that there 

exist fields without particles but never particles without fields. Against that the quantum 

physicists hold that somewhere, even when quite far away, there exist particles and that 

the measurable fields merely are their action at a distance.

 

Both approaches first arouse the impression to be fully equal. In the course of the

 

discoveries in the area of quantum physics, the corresponding approach has been able to

 

establish. But it demands that all phenomena have to be understood as a consequence of

 

particles. So should gravitons make gravitation possible, should gluons hold everything

 

together and the quarks form the basic building parts. Meanwhile there is only worked

 

with hypotheses. Out of poverty quantum physics meanwhile has said goodbye to strict

 

causality, after the number of the violations of causality has risen that much and in every

 

respect there is a lack of models of explanation. It seems as if the end is reached, as if the

 

quantum physical approach to a large extend is exhausted.

 

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