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38/Jeremy Bentham
from the contemplation of any sort of pleasure, referred to time future,
and accompanied with the sentiment of belief. These also may admit of
the same distinctions.
XV. 13. The pleasures of association are the pleasures which cer-
tain objects or incidents may happen to afford, not of themselves, but
merely in virtue of some association they have contracted in the mind
with certain objects or incidents which are in themselves pleasurable.
Such is the case, for instance, with the pleasure of skill, when afforded
by such a set of incidents as compose a game of chess. This derives its
pleasurable quality from its association partly with the pleasures of skill,
as exercised in the production of incidents pleasurable of themselves:
partly from its association with the pleasures of power. Such is the case
also with the pleasure of good luck, when afforded by such incidents as
compose the game of hazard, or any other game of chance, when played
at for nothing. This derives its pleasurable quality from its association
with one of the pleasures of wealth; to wit, with the pleasure of acquir-
ing it.
XVI. 14. Farther on we shall see pains grounded upon pleasures; in
like manner may we now see pleasures grounded upon pains. To the
catalogue of pleasures may accordingly be added the pleasures of relief:
or, the pleasures which a man experiences when, after he has been en-
during a pain of any kind for a certain time, it comes to cease, or to
abate. These may of course be distinguished into as many species as
there are of pains: and may give rise to so many pleasures of memory, of
imagination, and of expectation.
XVII. 1. Pains of privation are the pains that may results from the
thought of not possessing in the time present any of the several kinds of
pleasures. Pains of privation may accordingly be resolved into as many
kinds as there are of pleasures to which they may correspond, and from
the absence whereof they may be derived.
XVIII. There are three sorts of pains which are only so many modi-
fications of the several pains of privation. When the enjoyment of any
particular pleasure happens to be particularly desired, but without any
expectation approaching to assurance, the pain of privation which there-
upon results takes a particular name, and is called the pain of desire, or
of unsatisfied desire.
XIX. Where the enjoyment happens to have been looked for with a
degree of expectation approaching to assurance, and that expectation is
made suddenly to cease, it is called a pain of disappointment.

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Principles of Morals and Legislation/39
XX. A pain of privation takes the name of a pain of regret in two
cases: 1. Where it is grounded on the memory of a pleasure, which
having been once enjoyed, appears not likely to be enjoyed again: 2.
Where it is grounded on the idea of a pleasure, which was never actually
enjoyed, nor perhaps so much as expected, but which might have been
enjoyed (it is supposed,) had such or such a contingency happened, which,
in fact, did not happen.
XXI. 2. The several pains of the senses seem to be as follows: 1.
The pains of hunger and thirst: or the disagreeable sensations produced
by the want of suitable substances which need at times to be applied to
the alimentary canal. 2. The pains of the taste: or the disagreeable sen-
sations produced by the application of various substances to the palate,
and other superior parts of the same canal. 3. The pains of the organ of
smell: or the disagreeable sensations produced by the effluvia of various
substances when applied to that organ. 4. The pains of the touch: or the
disagreeable sensations produced by the application of various substances
to the skin. 5. The simple pains of the hearing: or the disagreeable sen-
sations excited in the organ of that sense by various kinds of sounds:
independently (as before,) of association. 6. The simple pains of the
sight: or the disagreeable sensations if any such there be, that may be
excited in the organ of that sense by visible images, independent of the
principle of association. 7. The pains resulting from excessive heat or
cold, unless these be referable to the touch. 8. The pains of disease: or
the acute and uneasy sensations resulting from the several diseases and
indispositions to which human nature is liable. 9. The pain of exertion,
whether bodily or mental: or the uneasy sensation which is apt to ac-
company any intense effort, whether of mind or body.
XXII. 3. The pains of awkwardness are the pains which sometimes
result from the unsuccessful endeavour to apply any particular instru-
ments of enjoyment or security to their uses, or from the difficulty a
man experiences in applying them.
XXIII. 4. The pains of enmity are the pains that may accompany
the persuasion of a man’s being obnoxious to the ill-will of such or such
an assignable person or persons in particular: or, as the phrase is, of
being upon ill terms with him or them: and, in consequence, of being
obnoxious to certain pains of some sort or other, of which he may be the
cause.
XXIV. 5. The pains of an ill-name, are the pains that accompany
the persuasion of a man’s being obnoxious, or in a way to be obnoxious

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40/Jeremy Bentham
to the ill-will of the world about him. These may likewise be called the
pains of ill-repute, the pains of dishonour, or the pains of the moral
sanction.
XXV. 6. The pains of piety are the pains that accompany the belief
of a man’s being obnoxious to the displeasure of the Supreme Being:
and in consequence to certain pains to be inflicted by his especial ap-
pointment, either in this life or in a life to come. These may also be
called the pains of religion; the pains of a religious disposition; or the
pains of the religious sanction. When the belief is looked upon as well-
grounded, these pains are commonly called religious terrors; when looked
upon as ill-grounded, superstitious terrors.
XXVI. 7. The pains of benevolence are the pains resulting from the
view of any pains supposed to be endured by other beings. These may
also be called the pains of good-will, of sympathy, or the pains of the
benevolent or social affections.
XXVII. 8. The pains of malevolence are the pains resulting from
the view of any pleasures supposed to be enjoyed by any beings who
happen to be the objects of a man’s displeasure. These may also be
styled the pains of ill-will, of antipathy, or the pains of the malevolent or
dissocial affections.
XXVIII. 9. The pains of the memory may be grounded on every one
of the above kinds, as well of pains of privation as of positive pains.
These correspond exactly to the pleasures of the memory.
XXIX. 10. The pains of the imagination may also be grounded on
any one of the above kinds, as well of pains of privation as of positive
pains: in other respects they correspond exactly to the pleasures of the
imagination.
XXX. 11. The pains of expectation may be grounded on each one of
the above kinds, as well of pains of privation as of positive pains. These
may be also termed pains of apprehension.
XXXI. 12. The pains of association correspond exactly to the plea-
sures of association.
XXXII. Of the above list there are certain pleasures and pains which
suppose the existence of some pleasure or pain, of some other person, to
which the pleasure or pain of the person in question has regard: such
pleasures and pains may be termed extra-regarding. Others do not sup-
pose any such thing: these may be termed self-regarding. The only plea-
sures and pains of the extra-regarding class are those of benevolence
and those of malevolence: all the rest are self-regarding.

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