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A. I. Danilov, V. E. Lagun, A. V. Klepikov
The unique tornado formation event near Khanty-Mansiysk city (12 June
2012) is analyzed in [44]. This case study can be demonstrate possible impact of
the large-scale circulation changes due to global warming to local weather pecu‑
liarities over West Siberia which may contribute to a regular tornado formation
in high-latitudinal areas [44]. Siberian tornado physical mechanism formation is
described in [44].
The thunderstorm activity instrumental registrations results near Yakutsk city
(Eastern Siberia) are presented in [45]. The seasonal course of thunderstorm
number was detected. The number of positive discharges to the ground was es‑
timated and compared with available data. The thunderstorm activity in Yakutsk
is three times higher than in the area around Yakutsk with a radius of 400 km,
which can be explained by is relative hot island formation over city [45].
Important physical mechanisms of meteorological regime peculiarities for‑
mation as well as weather, seasonal and climatic anomalies in the North Polar
region are considered in [46–55].
The role of sea surface temperature and sea ice extent variations for modern
climate conditions in Russian Arctic is estimated in [46]. Possible increase of
extreme weather events such as strong wind and dangerous sea wave height are
indicated in [46, 47, 50], Amplification of the Arctic warming due to sea ice
extent reduction is considered in [51] using the atmospheric general circulation
with prescribed boundary conditions on the sea surface.
Climate change tendencies of surface air temperature, precipitation and snow
cover in the regions of the Arctic to the north of 70° N for the period 1981–2010
are presented in [54].
The polar atmosphere energetic problems are considered in [55, 56]. The
total meridional energy flux across 70° N is estimated in [55] based on the Inte‑
grated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA) for the period 1992–2007. According
to diagnostic calculation the mean energy flux in the layer from surface to 30 hPa
is 70,6 W m
‑2
[55].
The average temperature of the atmospheric vertical column (the temperature
of the average energy level) computation method based
on the mid-troposphere
radiosonde data is proposed in [56]. The annual mean atmospheric energy level
temperature values changes are observed with the multi-decadal period with the
amplitude of 40C during 1935–2012. Significant decrease in the mean annual
values of height-integrated temperature has been registered in recent years over
Franz Josef Land archipelago [56] and connected with Barents Sea surface tem‑
perature conditions.
Spatial-temporal changes of snow cover parameters in the Northern Polar area
considered in [57–67]. The regional and seasonal changes snow cover stability
parameters over the Northern Russia for the current warm period (1991–2008) in
comparison with the climatic reference period (1961–1990) are described in [66]
227
Polar
Meteorology
based on the 223 meteorological stations routine data. Teteleconnections between
snow period duration, snow spatial distribution and the North Atlantic Oscillation
and the West Pacific Oscillation indexes are determined.
Daily meteorological data from five North-Eastern Siberia stations (Anadyr,
Chokurdakh, Wrangell Island, Verkhoyansk, Markovo) were used in [67] for
multi-year dates of formation, occurrence and maximum snow depth changes
determination. The snow cover parameters results for the total observation peri‑
od are compared with long-term changes of the Northerern Hemisphere atmos‑
pheric circulation form obtained according to Dzerdzeevskii’s circulation clas‑
sification. The circulation types which corresponds to early or late snow cover
formation are obtained in [67]. In the Northeastern Siberia during recent years
reveal the duration of snow cover reduction connected with the increase of du‑
ration of atmospheric blocking processes [67].
Theoretical approaches to the description of
microphysical processes and
photochemical reactions at polar atmosphere proposed in [68–70]. Applied and
methodological aspects of meteorological observations in the Polar Regions and
processing the measurement results discussed in [71–81].
2. Antarctic meteorology studies
South Polar area meteorology results obtained during the IPY2007/08 pro‑
jects are presented and analyzed in [82–85].
The review of three large interdisciplinary IPY cluster projects for the Ant‑
arctic is presented in [82]. These three are: COMPASS (Comprehensive Mete‑
orological dataset of archive IPY Antarctic measurement phase for Scientific and
applied Studies), CLICOPEN (impact of CLImate induced glacial melting on
marine and terrestrial COastal communities on a gradient along the Western
Antarctic PENinsula) and ANTPAS (Antarctic Permafrost And Soils). The out‑
come of the IPY COMPASS Project is the multiuser meteorological and up‑
per-air sounding current data base of all Antarctic stations with long-time obser‑
vations, which came to be available for Antarctic community for the first time.
These data after applying of the quality control procedure are used for Antarcti‑
ca climate change investigations. The warming impact on local ecosystems over
Antarctic Peninsula
area for last decades, indicated in
decreasing of the sea ice
cover, in shortening of the ice period and, as a consequence, in removing of
sediments, in changes of salinity exchange and of sea water dissolved oxygen
content, in changes of specific structure, of food chains and biota communities
structure and so on became a subject of study in the CLICOPEN project.
The outcome of the ANTPASS Project aimed at
generalization of historical
and current data about the distribution, the thickness, the age, the physical and
geochemical properties of Antarctic and sub‑Antarctic
islands permafrost and