Sheet Metal Forming

340 / Sheet Metal Forming—Processes and Applications
advanced high-strength steels (AHSSs) (continued)
tandem press lines, 124–125
temperature, 112–113
temperature, effect of, 114
tensile strength, 114
tool coating recommendations, 334(T)
tooling construction
with cast steel, 125–126
cast steel materials for stamping tools, 126(F)
monoblock design, 125(T)
with tool steel, 126
total elongation, 108(F)
total elongation versus UTS, 108(F)
transfer presses, 124(F)
die setup in a transfer press, 124(F)
slide actions, 124
tribology in forming (
see
Tribology in forming AHSS)
types, 107
unloading 
E
-modulus with true strain, 111(F)
UTS, 108
yield strength, 114
Young’s modulus with plastic strain, 110(F)
aerospace industry
electrohydraulic forming, 232
joining, 242
rubber-pad forming, 162(F)
Aida Engineering Ltd., 103(F)
AIDA servo press (110 ton), 97(F)
air bending, 20(F), 28(F)
advantage of, 27
BEND, 30–31(F,T)
bend allowance, 28–29(F)
bend deduction, 28–29(F)
mathematical model, 29–30(F)
minimum bend radius, 32(F,T)
online process control strategies
direct process control, 47
indirect process control, 47
overview, 46–47
process control strategies, comparison, 47
overview, 27–29
springback, 23(F), 24(F), 28, 31(F)
test fixture, 32(F)
tractrix die bending, 31(F)
air conditioning technology, 232
AIRAM Press Co. Ltd., 12
AISI 8670, 220
AISI D2, 220
Akerstrom constitutive model for hot stamping, 142, 145
Altair Hypermesh software, 52
aluminum
density, 83
roll forming, 211, 223
UHS, 12
aluminum alloys
applications, 101–102(F)
Chevrolet Malibu Maxx lift gate, 102(F)
deep drawing (
see
deep drawing)
explosive forming, 233
formability, 83
General Motors lift gate, 102–103(F)
high-velocity forming, 227
Mercedes inner door panel, 104
roll forming, 220
THF, 181, 182(T)
aluminum alloys, specific types
24S-T (2024-T4), 98
24S-T86 (2024-T86), 98
75S-T (7075-T6), 98
3003-H, 84(F), 85(T), 86(F), 87(T), 88(F)
5754-O, 99–101(F,T)
A5182, 172
A6061, 172
Al 2024, 30(T)
Al 3003-H111, 87(T)
Al 5086, 83
Al 5182, 86(F), 87(F)
Al 5182-O, 86(T), 87(F)
Al 5741, 86(F), 87(F)
Al 5754-O, 99–101(F,T)
Al 57-54-O, 99–101(F,T)
Al 6111, 86(F), 87(F)
Al 6260-T4, 185(T)
AlMg0.4Si1.2, 85, 88(F)
aluminum alloys, warm forming
bulge (biaxial) test, 85
Al 3003-H111 bulge test data, 87(T)
overview, 84–85
true stress versus true strain curves, 88(F)
E
-modulus and yield stress comparison, 83(F)
mechanical behavior, 83–84
overview, 83
specific strength and specific stiffness comparison, 
84(F)
tensile (uniaxial) test, 85
Al 3003-H111 test data, 85(T)
AL 5182-O test data, 86(T)
engineering stress versus engineering strain curves, 
86(F)
engineering stress-strain curves of 5182-O, 87(F)
overview, 84
strain-hardening rate with temperature, 87(F)
strain-rate sensitivity exponent with plastic strain, 
87(F)
true stress versus true strain curves, 86(F)
aluminum bronze, 220, 318, 319
aluminum sheets
1050-series, 98(F)
5754-series, 98(F)
6016-series, 98(F)
aluminum-magnesium alloy tubes, 172
Al-Zn-coated steel sheet, 120
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), 320(T)
AMINO, 275–276(F)
Amino Corporation, 173
angular stretch bend test, 116(F), 117(F)
anisotropy
AHSS, 112, 113(F), 114, 126
deep drawing, round and rectangular cups, 58(T)
FE simulation, stamping with progressive dies, 58(T)
FE simulation, warm sheet hydroforming, 172(T), 173
springback, 22, 23(T), 66, 126, 220

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