Sheet Metal Forming

Index / 341
state of stress, 21(T)
THF, 182, 206
antigalling properties, 121
appliance industry
clinching, 293
warm forming, 96–97
Aquadraw module, 169–170
arc welding, 215
Archard’s equation, 320, 330
ARGUS, 309–310, 311
ASEA (ABB, Sweden), 160
ASTM A36, 30
ASTM A572 high-carbon steel, 83
ASTM A1011 DS type B, 56
ASTM B 557M-94, 84
ASTM E 21 09, 84
ASTM G 99, 332(F)
ASTM 8613, 220
atomistic deposition processes, 324–325
austenite
B-pillar simulation, 143
continuous cooling transformation diagram, 135(T)
hat shape simulation, 145
high-temperature forming simulation, 142
quenching temperature history, 146(F)
through hardening, 320–322(F)
22MnB5, 135
Auto Crown, 45
Auto Steel Partnership, 175–176
AUTOFORM
loading paths, 202
progressive die design, 81–82
AUTOFORM-Explicit, 52(T)
AUTOFORM-one step, 52(T)
automotive industry
aluminum alloys, 101–102(F)
clinching, 293
electrohydraulic forming, 232
high-strength steels, 53
hole flanging, 38
hot stamping, 133
joining, 242
magnesium alloys, 101–102(F)
roll forming, 223
THF, 179, 180(F)
warm forming, 96–97
automotive parts
hemming, 39
SHF-D, 162, 164(F)
SHF-P, 167
stretch bending, 32
THF, 179
warm SHF-D, 172
AZ31-O, 90(F)
B
backing pads, 34, 35(F)
bainite, 107, 113, 135(F), 136, 143
bake hardening, 110–111(F)
banana curve, 108(F)
Bauschinger effect, 111–112(F)
Bauschinger effect factor (BEF), 112(F)
Behrens model for hot stamping, 142
BEND
AHSS, 31
aluminum 2024, 30(T)
bend allowance, prediction of, 30
bent sheet final dimensions, 30(F)
low-carbon steels, 31
overview, 30
predicted and measured punch stroke values, 31(T)
punch stroke versus springback angle, 31(F)
springback, 30–31(F)
bend die, 187, 189, 190(T)
bending, 20(F), 35(F)
AHSS, 115(F), 116(F)
air bending (
see
air bending)
bending under tension, 25–26
contour flanging, 37, 38(F)
draw bending, 187
elastic recovery, 24(F)
FEA analysis, 26–27
hole flanging, 37–39(F)
material-hardening models, 22(F)
mechanics, 19–20
overview, 19
roll bending, 37(F)
rotary bending, 35, 36(F)
rotary draw bending, 187–189(F)
sample part, 19(F)
sheet bending, 20(F)
simplified bending theory, 20
springback, 22–23(F,T), 24(F), 25(F), 27
springback, factors affecting, 23–25
states of stress, 21–22(T)
straight flanging, 35–37(F)
strain, prediction of, 20–21(F)
stress, prediction of, 21(F), 22
stretch bending, 32–34(F)
under tension, 25–26(F)
terminology, 20(F)
U-die bending, 34, 35(F)
V-die bending, 26–27(F,T), 28(F), 34(F), 35(F)
wipe die bending, 35–37
bending angle, measuring
angle measurement using four probes, 45(F)
bending angle measurement, 44(F)
bending with three sensors, 45(F)
CCD cameras, 44(F)
four-point measurement with sensor disks, 45(F)
overview, 44
sensor tool, 45(F)
using contact method, 44–45(F)
using non-contact method, 44(F)
bending machines, 41(F)
bending angle, measuring, 44–45(F)
leaf bending machine, 47, 48(F)
press brakes, 42 (
see also
press brake bending; press 
brake drive types)
three-roll bending machine, 47
bending moment, 22–23(F,T)

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