Sheet Metal Forming

344 / Sheet Metal Forming—Processes and Applications
clinching
advantages of, 293–294
applications, 293
BTM Corporation, 294–295(F)
conventional clinching dies, 296(F)
dieless clinching
FEA, 297
process, 296–297
schematic, 296(F)
dieless clinching at elevated temperatures, 297
dieless rivet clinching, 297
disadvantages of, 294
Eckold GmbH, 295–296(F)
FEA, 299, 300
with fixed die, 293(F)
flat anvil for dieless clinching, 296(F)
future trends
dieless joining, 296–297(F)
overview, 296
hydroclinching
operational sequence, 298(F)
process principle, 297–298
overview, 293–294
process
with fixed die, 293(F)
four steps, 293
techniques, 294
Tog-L-Loc, 294–295(F)
die used, 294–295(F)
process, 295(F)
stages, 294
TOX Pressotechnik GmbH, 294(F)
closed-die system, 197, 199(F)
clutch hub, 79–81(F)
coatings. 
See
plating and coating
cobalt-molybdenum high-speed steels, 220
Cockcroft-Latham fracture model, 34
coefficient of friction (COF)
FEM simulations, 53
hot stamping, 138
coin, 80, 81(F)
coining
bottoming, 37(F)
fine blanking, 13
high-velocity forming, 239
mechanical press brake, 42
transfer die forming, 80, 81(F)
V-die bending, 34(F)
commercial software, 52(T)
complex-phase (CP) steels, 107, 133–134(F)
compound dies, 13
compression bending, 187, 188(F)
computer numerical-controlled (CNC) machines, 254– 
255, 256, 273, 274, 276, 283
computer-aided design (CAD), 52, 220–221, 276,
277(F), 281
computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) system, 254,
255
cone expansion test, 183(F)
contact pressure
AHSS, 108, 119, 120
B-pillar simulation, 144
COF, 53
contact pressure, 317–318
FEA of warm forming of 5754-O, 100–101
forming tests, 332
galling, 317–318(T)
heat-transfer coefficients, 139, 141(F)
hot stamping, 63, 64
hot stamping dies, 149
large tools, 126
lubrication, 318
plastic deformation, 317
scratching tests, 330
SPR, 291
THF, 199
tool coatings, 317
tool wear, 317–318(T)
warm sheet hydroforming/issues in process simulation, 
173
continuous time-temperature transformation curve, 134–
135(F)
continuum theory, 191
contour flanging, 37–39
defects, 38(F)
types, 38(F)
convex and concave dies, 7(T)
cooling ducts, 150–151, 152(F), 153(F)
coordinate measuring machine (CMM), 61, 62(F)
copper
high-velocity forming, 227
roll forming, 211
copper alloys
blanking, 6(F), 8–9(F)
THF, 181
copper-beryllium alloys, 238
COPRA LaserCheck, 44(F)
Coulomb friction coefficient, 77
counterpressure pot, 162
counterpunches, 167(F), 199(T)
countersink, 201, 202(T)
Cowper-Symonds coefficients, 143, 144(T)
cracking
bending, 20
tool materials, 317
cracks
acoustic emission sensors, 307
AHSS, 116, 118(F)
eddy current sensors, 308
failure modes, 268(F)
radial cracks, 253
SPR, 291
ultrasonic sensors, 308
crank angle, 301
crash forming, 128
crash performance (hot-stamped components), 154
creep, 41, 42(F)
creep and grow, 41
crimping, 299–300(F)
crimp quality, 300
FEM, 299
critical damage value (CDV), 54

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