Sheet Metal Forming

Index / 351
process variables
continuous cooling transformation diagram, 135(F)
cooling rate, 136, 137(F)
effect of temperature on mean friction coefficients, 
138(F)
effect of temperature on mean friction coefficients, 
SPHC steel, 138(F)
flow-stress data, 136(F)
friction coefficient, 136–138
friction coefficient, 
µ
, 139(F)
heat-transfer coefficient, 138–139, 140(F), 141(F)
modified cup drawing test, 138(F)
modified Gleeble 1500 system, 135, 136(F)
strain rate, 136(F), 137(F)
temperature transformation curve, 134–135
22MnB5, 135–136(F,T)
USIBOR 1500, chemical composition of, 135(T)
tailor-welded blanks, 154
tool dies (
see
hot stamping dies)
22MnB5
continuous cooling transformation diagram, 135(F)
overview, 133
process variables, 135–136(F,T)
warm forming, 129
weight reduction, 154
hot stamping dies, 149, 150, 151–152
with cast cooling channels, 151
characterization tests, 152–153
cooling channels, 150
drawn part, 150(F)
test geometry, 150(F)
cooling ducts, 151, 153(F)
cooling system, 150–151
cooling ducts, 152(F)
flow chart of the evolutionary algorithm, 151(F)
tool surface, 151(F)
die design, 149
die steels, 149–150
hard trimming of quenched parts, 152–153
tailor-made die materials, 151–152
hot stamping, FE simulations
B-Pillar using LS-DYNA
blank thickness and temperature results, 145(T)
contact heat transfer from the blank to the tool,
145(F)
contact heat-transfer coefficient as a function of 
interface pressure, 145(T)
convection, radiation, and effective heat-transfer 
coefficients, 144(T)
forming process, 144
heating the blank, 143
overview, 143
quenching process, 144–145
quenching temperature history, 146(F)
tools and FE model, 143(F)
transport form oven to press, 143–144
22MnB5 (AUDI), 143(T)
22MnB5 (DYNAmore GmbH), 144(T)
hat shape using DEFORM, 145–147
die geometry for hat shape, 146(F)
experimental and calculated forming force versus 
time, 147(F)
experimental and calculated temperature versus, 
147(F)
simulation setup, 146(F)
steel strip, 146(F)
temperature measurement point, 146(F)
HWS steels, 152–153
hydraulic bulge test
AHSS, 114
aluminum alloys, 85, 88(F)
AZ31-O flow-stress curve, 90(F)
heating the sheet, 85
initial/pressurized sheet, 85(F)
magnesium sheets, 87
THF, 182–185(T)
hydraulic clamping cylinders, 162, 163
hydraulic cushions, 124
hydraulic presses
tool design, 96(F)
tooling design for warm forming magnesium, 96(F)
hydraulic shock dampers, 11
hydromechanical deep drawing, 157
Hydropulsor, 12
hydro-self-pierce riveting (HSPR), 291–293(F)
I
impulse forming. 
See
high-velocity forming
incremental sheet forming (ISF)
definition of, 274
forming limits, 278–280
cyclic deformation, 280
feed rate, 280
FLCs, 280(F)
friction, 280
localized deformation, 280
punch curvature, 280
side wall of a pyramidal test shape, 279(F)
strain rate, 280
stress state, 280
temperature, 280
through-thickness shear, 280
tool movements, 280
tool pressure, 280
triaxiality, 280
forming parameters
CAD/computer-aided manufacturing process chain, 
277(F)
parameters, 278(F)
tool path, 277(F)
tool pitch, 277(F)
forming tools, 275, 276(F)
geometrical accuracy
adapted multistage forming strategies, 282
elastic effects, 281(F)
localized springback, 281(F)
orbital motions, 281(F)
overview, 281
process-machine interactions, 281(F), 282

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