Sheet Metal Forming

350 / Sheet Metal Forming—Processes and Applications
hemming (continued)
prehemming operation, 40(F)
stages, 40(F)
types, 39(F)
hemming steel (or upper die), 40(F)
hem-out, 41, 42(F)
hems, 39–40(F)
high- strain-rate forming. 
See
high-velocity forming
high-carbon, high-chromium tool steel, 220
high-energy-rate forming. 
See
high-velocity forming
high-pressure sheet hydroforming, 157
high-rate forming. 
See
high-velocity forming
high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels, 109(F), 112, 122, 
123(F)
HSLA 450, 122, 123(F)
high-strength steel (HSS), 127(F), 223–224, 328(F)
high-strength steels
automotive industry, 53
sheet hydroforming, 173
springback, 25(F)
high-thermal-conductivity tool steels (HTCS)
HTCS-117, 151
HTCS-130, 151
HTCS-150, 151
HTCS-170, 151
HTCS-RE, 152
HTCS-Rod, 152
high-thermal-conductivity welding alloys, 152
high-velocity forming
advantages of, 227–228
approximate forming velocities/strain rates, 228(T)
classification of technologies, 227(F)
disadvantages of, 228
electromagnetic forming (
see
electromagnetic forming 
(EMF))
hydroforming (
see
high-velocity hydroforming)
mechanical forming (
see
high-velocity mechanical 
forming)
overview, 227–228
springback, 227
strain rates, 227
wrinkling, 227
high-velocity hydroforming
electrohydraulic forming
applications, 232(F)
equipment, 230–231
overview, 228
setups, 229(F)
shock wave focusing, 232(F)
spark gap arrangement, 231(F)
explosive forming
applications, 232–233
equipment, 231
overview, 228–230
propellant forming, 230(F)
techniques, 229(F)
high-velocity hydropunching
applications, 233
equipment, 231(F)
hydropunch process, 231(F)
overview, 230
overview, 228
process principle, 228
high-velocity hydropunching
applications, 233
equipment, 231(F)
hydropunch process, 231(F)
overview, 230
high-velocity mechanical forming
electromagnetic compression process, 233(F)
electromagnetically-driven blanking press, 233(F)
equipment, 233–234
process principle, 233
process variations, 233–234
Hill’s yield index, 22
hole expansion ratio (HER), 38–39
hole expansion test, 38, 39(F), 116, 118(F)
AHSS, 118(F)
hole flanging, 37–39(F)
hole size, 1
hoop test, 182, 183(F)
hot dip galvanized (HDGI), 119
hot dip galvannealed (HDGA) coating, 119
hot forming (HF) steels, 107
hot stamping
case study, 61–65(F,T)
coatings (oxidation prevention)
aluminum-silicon-base, 154
effects of, 153–154
iron-zinc-base, 154
overview, 153
X-Tec—nanotechnology-based coating, 154
components manufactured using, 133(F)
constitutive model by Akerstrom, 142
constitutive model by Behrens, 142
coupled thermomechanical and microstructure evolution, 
simulation of, 140–141
interactions, 141(T)
mechanical field, thermal field, and microstructure 
evolution, 141(F)
crash performance, 154
DEFORM, 62, 64–65
developed by, 133
direct method, 133–134(F)
finite-element simulations (
see
hot stamping, FE 
simulations)
heating methods
conductive heating, 147–148
induction coils, 148(F)
induction heating, 148–149
overview, 147
resistance heating, 148(F)
two-step induction heating device, 149(F)
high-temperature forming simulation, 142
hot stamping simulation, 62–65(F,T)
indirect method, 134(F)
material flow and process simulation, 139–140
nonisothermal simulations, 69
overview, 133
PAMSTAMP, 62, 65

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