Sheet Metal Forming

352 / Sheet Metal Forming—Processes and Applications
incremental sheet forming (ISF), geometrical accuracy 
(continued)
residual stresses, 282
springback, 281(F)
springback on removal of forming tool, 281–282
springback on trimming, 281(F), 282
springback on unclamping, 282
hybrid process variations
laser-assisted ISF, 285, 286(F)
overview, 285
stretch forming and ISF, 285(F), 286(F)
KISF, 274–275(F)
limit strains, 279–280
machines, 275–276(F)
multistage forming strategies, 282–283(F)
pyramidal frustum with vertical walls, 283(F)
single and multistage forming, 284(F)
stiffening brace, 283(F)
overview, 273
parts manufactured, 273(F)
plastic deformation, 277
process mechanics, 277
process modeling, 283–285
process variations, 274
sheet thinning, 277–278(F), 279(F)
SPIF, 274(F)
TPIF, 274(F)
work flow, 277(F)
induction hardening, 323(T)
inserts
cast iron dies, 319
cast steels, 126, 319(F)
die design, 201(T)
DP 600, 335(T)
DP 800, 335(T)
DP 1000, 335(T)
large tools, 126
polymeric materials, 318
prototyping dies, 198–199
PVD coatings, 327
THF, 197
tool materials, 121(T), 122(F,T)
tool steel selection, 335(T)
instantaneous shock, 8(F)
Institute for Metal Forming Technology, 102(F)
Institute of Metal Forming and Casting, 150
Institute of Tools and Forming, 151
integration points, 69, 127
intrados, 185, 186, 187, 189
IRMCO 136-292, 120
IRMCO 146-492, 120
ISO PUNCH, 52(T)
J
Jektole punch, 8(F)
Johnson-Mehl-Avrami equation, 142
joining, 239–242
applications, 242
examples, 240(F)
force-fit joining, 240(F)
impact velocity, 242
mandrels, 240
metallic connection, 241(F)
K
Keeler-Breizer (K-B) equation, 118
kinematic incremental sheet forming (KISF), 274–275(F)
Koistinen-Marburger equation, 141, 142
L
laptop cover, 104(F)
laser beam hardening, 323, 323(F,T)
leakage, 158, 165, 166, 167, 170
leaking, 167, 168–169
lengthwise split dies, 197–198, 199(F)
Lenz’s law, 239
liftgate tooling, 59(F), 60(F,T), 174(F)
light-emitting diode (LED), 305
limiting dome height (LDH) test, 114–115
limiting draw ratio (LDR)
drawability, 115–116
warm deep drawing, 99
warm SHF-P, 171
linear flow splitting, 223
linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs), 89(F), 
304–305(F), 309
lithium sulfate, 302
LMC Inc., 12
LMC SIP-15B, 12
localized necking, 280
lockbeads, 84, 102(F)
Lorentz forces, 234, 237
low-alloy tool steel, 220
low-carbon steels (LCS)
AHSS, 112
bake hardening, 111
BEND, 30
bending, 19
expansion percentage limits, 207(T)
forces and stresses, 2
material flow stress, 185(T)
1006, 83
roll forming, 220
roll material selection, 220
warm forming, 83
LS-DYNA, 53
Behrens model for hot stamping, 142
B-pillar simulation, 143–145(F,T), 146
ISF, 284
loading paths, 202
progressive die design, 81–82
simulation of B-Pillar, 143–144(T)
LS-DYNA version 971, 142
lubricants
dry film, 120
EP additives, 120
graphite, 92

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