Sheet Metal Forming

348 / Sheet Metal Forming—Processes and Applications
finite-element simulations, case studies, deep drawing of 
round and rectangular cups (continued)
output, 57–58
tool geometry, 57(F)
hot stamping
B-pillar using PAMSTAMP, 65(F)
heat-transfer coefficient as a function of pressure, 
64(F)
input parameters, 64(T)
objective, 62–64
output, 64–65
process parameters, 64(T)
section 3 of a B-pillar, 63(F)
temperature distribution at end of ten forming cycles, 
65(F)
temperature distribution in the die, 65(F)
temperature distribution in the punch, 65(F)
thickness distribution along the curvilinear length, 
64(F)
two-dimensional plane-strain simulation, 63(F)
progressive die sequence
input parameters, 58(T)
objective, 58–59
progressive die sequence, 58(F)
thinning distribution, 59(F)
sheet hydroforming with punch (SHF-P)
finite-element model, 61(F)
input parameters, 61(T)
objective, 60
output, 60–61
part profile comparison, 62(F)
predicted thinning percentage, 62(F)
thickness profile, 63(F)
springback and bending of AHSS
inner bending angles under load obtained by 
DEFORM 2D, 66(F)
input parameters, DEFORM 2D, 66(T)
input parameters, PAMSTAMP, 66(T)
objective, 65–66
output, 66–67
springback angles obtained by PAMSTAMP, 67(F)
tool geometry of V-die bending, 66(F)
variation of loading and unloading apparent modulus 
for DP780 sheet material, 67(F)
stretch bending, 33–34
flame hardening, 322–323(F,T)
flange arm, 22
flange wrinkling, 168
flanges, 38(F), 222, 223
flanging
with counterpressure, 37(F)
overview, 19
springback-compensating methods, 36(F)
straight flanging, 35–37(F)
flare-form deviation, 219–220
flat anvil, 296(F)
flatness, 13
flexform fluid cell process, 160, 164(F)
flexible roll forming (FRF)
buckling, 222
CAD system, 221
FEA, 222
flange, 222, 223
geometric parameters for profile definition, 222(F)
laser-assisted, 223
overview, 221
prototype profiles, 221(F)
tooling, 221–222
kinematics of flexible roll forming, 222(F)
mill prototype, 222(F)
products, 222(F)
TRB, 223, 224(F)
wrinkling, 222
flow forming
applications, 265–266
aluminum automotive wheel, 266(F)
clutch housing, 266(F)
gas bottle neck, 266(F)
gas liner, 266(F)
ball shaped tools, 263, 265(F)
bulging, 261, 262(F,T), 263(F)
cracks, 263(F)
failure modes, 260–261(F)
flow-formed cylinder tolerances, 266(T)
forming forces, 260–261(F)
internal gear tooth form, 265(F)
machines, 262
counter rolls, 264(F)
necking-in machine, 264(F)
three forming tools, 263(F)
overview, 259