Sheet Metal Forming

346 / Sheet Metal Forming—Processes and Applications
dual-phase (DP) steels, specific steels, DP 590 (continued)
forming velocity modification, 128
ranking of, 332(T)
springback, 128
warm forming, 128–129
DP 600, 117(F), 118(F)
flow-stress curves, 122
friction, 119
galling, 119
inconsistency of materials, 113
tool material for forming, 121(T)
true stress (flow stress), 123(F)
DP 600-HDGI, 119
DP 699, 122, 123(F)
DP 780, 27(F,T), 66(T), 67, 110, 111, 115, 128–129
DP 800, 121, 122(T), 125(T)
DP 980
B-pillar, 334(F)
drawability, 115
galling, 122
tensile strength, 112–113
warm forming, 128–129
DP 980-GI, 121
DP 1000, 121(T), 122(T), 335(T)
ductile iron, 319
ductility
AHSS, 107, 108(T)
bending, 19
minimum bending radius, 31, 32
part edge quality, 5
roll forming, 212
SPR, 291
tool failures, 317(T)
duplex coating, 325–326, 327(F)
dwell time
aluminum-silicon-base coatings, 154
springback, 128, 129(F)
springback, AHSS, 129(F)
dwelling stage, 96
DYNAmore GmbH, 143
e
Eckold GmbH, 295–296(F)
edge cracking, 38, 39, 116
edge stretchability, 38
elastic blank holder, 166–167(F)
elastic cushions, 165
elastic modulus
AHSS, 109–110(F), 111(F)
ERC/NSM, 110
FEM simulations, 68
springback issues, 68
TRIP steels, 109–110
elastic springback, 19
elastic-plastic deformation, 126
electrical industry, 242
electrohydraulic forming
applications, 232(F)
equipment, 230–231
overview, 228
PPG, 230
setups, 229(F)
shock wave focusing, 232(F)
spark gap arrangement, 231(F)
electromagnetic forming (EMF)
advantages of, 234
applications, 239
blanking, 242, 243(F)
composite winding, 238
conventional and electromagnetic processing, combined, 
242–245
bending and electromagnetic calibration steps, 245
deep drawing and electromagnetic sheet metal 
forming, 243(F)
electromagnetic compression and hydroforming, 
244(F)
extrusion and electromagnetic compression, 244(F)
disadvantages of, 234
environmental factors, 234
equipment, 237–239
current pulsed power generators, 237(T)
electromagnetic compression using a fieldshaper, 239(F)
separable tool coil, 238(F)
forming, 242
joining, 239–242
examples, 240(F)
force-fit joining, 240(F)
metallic connection, 241(F)
piercing, 242, 243(F)
process principle, 234–235
electrical conductivities of materials, 235(T)
process variations
pressure distribution and die cavity, 236(F)
process principle, 236(F)
process variants, 235–237(F)
tube material, 235
electromagnetic presses, 12
electronics industry, 96–97
elevated-temperature sheet hydroforming. 
See
warm sheet 
hydroforming
embossing, 213
enabled plasma-assisted CVD, 328
Engineering Research Center for Net Shape Manufacturing 
(ERC/NSM)
circular viscous pressure bulge test, 53
elastic modulus, 110
evaluation of tool materials using different lubricants, 
121
FEA of springback, 26–27(F,T)
galling properties, DP 980-GI, 121
progressive die sequence, 58
room-temperature sheet hydroforming, 169
stretch bending tests, 34
V-die bending tests, 26
warm sheet hydroforming, 172
engineering strain, 21, 86(F), 109(F)
Enutron, 45
EP additives, 120
ETG-100 steel, 314(F)

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