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Synthetic biology is defined as the application of engineering principles to biology. It disassembles, redesigns
and standardizes existing biological components (parts, devices and genetic circuits) with the aim of creating
novel genetic circuits, biosynthetic pathways and living system from abiotic components.
2013
Synthetic Genomics
Acevedo-Rocha et al. (2013)
A central undertaking in synthetic biology (SB) is the quest for the ‘minimal genome’. However, ‘minimal sets’
of essential genes are strongly context-dependent and, in all prokaryotic genomes sequenced to date, not a
single protein-coding gene is entirely conserved.
Synthetic Biology
Arpino (2013)
Synthetic Biology is the ‘Engineering of Biology’ – it aims to use a forward-engineering design cycle based on
specifications, modelling, analysis, experimental implementation, testing and validation to modify natural or
design new, synthetic biology systems so that they behave in a predictable fashion.
The primary goal of Synthetic Biology is to create new or add additional functionality to biological systems by
constructing new parts, or modifying existing biological systems (Purnick & Weiss, 2009).
Ausländer (2013)
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Synthetic biology aims to standardize and expand the natural toolbox of biological building blocks to engineer
novel synthetic networks in living systems.
Cobb (2013)
Synthetic biology aims to improve and design biological systems through construction of new biological
components, such as enzymes, biosynthetic pathways, genetic circuits, and cells (recently reviewed by [1–8]).
Synthetic biology has a wide variety of industrial and therapeutic applications, such as creating biosensors [9],
generating biofuels [10–12], producing high-quality, inexpensive drugs [13,14], and remediating polluted sites
[15].
Garvey (2013)
Synthetic biology: the use of recombinant DNA technologies for the combination of genes and the production
of novel proteins.
Gübeli (2013)
Synthetic biology aims to advance life sciences by the application of engineering approaches in order to
construct novel biological systems exerting complex functions. Following a bottom-up strategy, singlewell-
characterized modules are assembled into complex biological systems guided by mathematical modeling
leading to predictable and robust functionalities. Initially, such designed systems were tested in prokaryotes
(Basu et al., 2005; Elowitz and Leibler, 2000) mainly due to simple genetic background and manipulation. As a
next step, the focus was laid on establishing these circuits in higher-order organisms from yeast (Ajo-Franklin
et al., 2007) to plants (Antunes et al., 2006) up to mammalian cells as they better represent the complexity in
humans.
Jain (2013)
Synthetic biology, application of synthetic chemistry to biology, is a broad term that covers the engineering of
biological systems with structures and functions not found in nature to process information, manipulate
chemicals, produce energy, maintain cell environment and enhance human health [1] . Synthetic biology
includes technologies for DNA synthesis and assembly of fragments of DNA for gene synthesis, sometimes
referred to as synthetic genomics. Craig Venter, a pioneer in this area, has described synthetic biology in a
video (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvBV2qnSZwo).
Synthetic biology devices contribute not only to improve our understanding of disease mechanisms, but also
provide novel diagnostic tools. Methods based on synthetic biology enable the design of novel strategies for
the treatment of cancer, immune diseases metabolic disorders and infectious diseases as well as the
production of cheap drugs [2].
Lee and Na (2013)
Synthetic biology is changing the paradigm of biology and biotechnology. It allows the design and construction
of new biological parts, modules, devices, chassis, and systems, in addition to reengineering cellular
components and machineries that nature has provided. 3,4 For example, two seminal papers presenting the
first synthetic gene networks appeared in 2000: an artificial toggle switch developed using a feedback system
made of two crossrepressing genes 5 and a synthetic oscillatory network using three transcriptional
repressors.
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Mapmel (2013)
Maurino (2013)
However, the concepts of synthetic biology could be used to bridge the gap between evolutionary theory and
functional biology by engineering a novel organism from existing and newly designed parts. Symbiotic
relationships have recently begun to be exploited in synthetic biological networks of increasing complexity
(Agapakis et al., 2011). While most of these studies are aimed at engineering synthetic dual-organism systems
of free-living microorganisms for biotechnology (Waks and Silver, 2009), several were designed to analyse the
process of the establishment of symbiosis itself (Harcombe, 2010; Hosoda et al., 2011).
Miyamoto (2013)
One of the long-term goals of synthetic biology is the ability to reconstruct the decision-making networks in
order to implement them as logic gates in living cells.
Moses (2013)
This can be achieved through synthetic biology, which can be defined as ‘the design and construction of new
biological components, such as enzymes, genetic circuits, and cells, or the redesign of existing biological
systems’ (Keasling, 2008). More elaborately, synthetic biology refers to the redesign of complex natural living
systems in a rational and systematic way to simplified, predictable and controllable modules that can be
modeled and manipulated to generate industrially scalable systems with a defined purpose. For many years,
the term ‘synthetic biology’ was used to describe concepts that would be classified today as metabolic
engineering. However, the definitions are not sharpedged, and hence metabolic engineering might still be
considered as the simplest form of synthetic biology (Channon et al., 2008).
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