Géneros – Multidisciplinary Journal of Gender Studies, 3(3) 499
position but to get there I made sacrifices... Now I have two
children and the focus of my life has shifted. (W8, L3).
In reference to the Italian case, the issue of women-mothers who are
forced to neglect work for childcare refers to the low degree of de-
familization through the welfare state – the lack of public interventions that
provide adequate support services – and to the “familistic” cultural heritage
that appoint women to perform care activities and take on household
responsibilities
(Esping-Andersen, 1996)
. The only way to make scientific
career easier seems to be to postpone or renounce to motherhood, acquiring
a professional model constructed on male ideals. In fact, give birth to and
look after children prevent women from maintaining a network of contacts
and a competitive curriculum vitae in terms of number and quality of
publications. Trying not to appear different from their male colleagues,
women with children have to eliminate almost everything (i.e. time for
themselves) but work and family, nevertheless they also lose the flexibility
that would be needed to work late or to engage colleagues in informal
discussions. Moreover, as they experience motherhood in most cases with a
precarious job, women may find themselves without economic protection.
I know a woman who had a post-doc position… She had a difficult
pregnancy, and had a bad time because she had no protections…
She kept her job because our supervisor avoided pointing out her
absences. For this reason later she changed her job. This is an
example of how the rules of the system tend to exclude women...
(M6, L4).
Although the majority of the men interviewed know about these
difficulties, they tend to think about motherhood as “a women’s thing”.
Many men-astrophysicists also suggest women should not renounce their
private life, considering sexual characters as the determining features of
what is “natural” in society. On the contrary, career and achieving power are
presented as unfeminine and somehow “damaging” to femininity. These
opinions are also based on sexual ambivalence, a mix of hostile sexism that
considers women “inferior”, thus legitimizing the male social control, and
benevolent sexism that idealizes women as wives and mothers.
500 F. Gaspani – Gendered Organizations. The Case of Italian
Astrophysics
There are women who do not have children and have dedicated
their lives to their career, but this is not a good thing and it is not
the winning choice! You cannot have everything in life, you must
be able to find a balance between your spheres of life and try to be
happy with what you have. I think women who have reached top
positions by giving up other aspects of their life then repent ... (M7,
L3).
Careers of women-scientists are interpreted as individual choices – not
always approved by male colleagues – in a context of constraints and
opportunities biologically and socially defined. Female biological and social
– gender-related – characters, can also affect the decisions of hiring and
promotion, and they ensure that the male model of worker – without “extra-
organizational” commitments – appears the only one able to offer
guarantees.
During the selection phase, anything can be used against a woman:
"she has children, then she will have to stay at home because they
get sick", or "she has no children, and then she will want to become
a mother". If she is not married: “she is a bitch, no-one wants to
marry her" if she is divorced "she is a bitch because she is
divorced”... (W1, L1).
The analysis of the interviews shows that excessive engagement in
science can often make women feel guilty. This emotion especially grips
women who live a discontinuous presence in their family, and it is
accompanied by the idea not to pay adequate attention to the family
members. Any deviation – even temporary – from the path defined by
gender roles and social rules implies a self-stereotypization – i.e. the
tendency of self-appraise themselves on the basis of the stereotypic traits –
within the image of the “unnatural mother”, more inclined to work ambitions
rather than to her “natural” role of social reproduction.
I used to pick my son up from childcare at 6 pm, and when he
learned to talk he asked me "Mom, why do you come so late? The
Géneros – Multidisciplinary Journal of Gender Studies, 3(3) 501
other moms come at 4 pm or 2 pm". My son was three years old,
poor creature... I used to see the other mothers who had more time
and to feel guilty... (W2, L2).
Women who totally commit themselves in a male-considered profession
– not devoting themselves to the traditional role – risk being considered
“unfeminine” and feeling unfulfilled. Women-scientists engaged in both
roles wonder if their activities are effective. Women who heavily invest in
their profession but do not reach – for any reason – concrete recognition,
may experience a re-visitation of their priorities, restructuring their actions
in accordance with new orientations. Compared to men-astrophysics, self-
image and self-esteem of women-astrophysics seem to be less dependent on
their job and social position. If it is difficult to accept male gender models
and conciliate the different roles that women are – or want – to play at the
same time (wife, mother and scientist), younger women-researchers – who
are in the hierarchy-based professional positions – seem willing to make
radical choices. When they feel their biological clock is clicking away, they
wonder about the possibility of finding a balance between work and private
life and they tend to prefer biographical trajectories focused on family. This
is partly due, beyond doubt, to the precarious conditions in which young
researchers have to work and to the increasingly higher age at which
scientists gain permanent positions in universities and research institutes.
The uncertainty related to the future – and the impossibility to control it – is
crucial to structure and redefine values and priorities in the light of how
individuals represent reality and imagine their identity to be socially
perceived. Although most women are today involved in a process of gender-
role fluidization, performing multiple gender roles depending on the
different social realities they have to deal with, when the context interferes
with this ambivalence, the balance can be redressed through the “shelter” of
the traditional gender role, which is still able to provide some control over
reality.
If in the future I won’t be able to continue to work in the
astronomical field I will change job... I'd be sorry for this, but I
must also think about my family and my life ... I can also adapt
myself... (W2, L4).
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