496 F. Gaspani – Gendered Organizations. The Case of Italian
Astrophysics
to his ideal purpose. In fact, as noted by Keller
(Donini, 1991, p. 69, my
translation)
we should not «underestimate the erotic arousal that men-
scientists experience when encouraging young women». Harassments by the
mentor take place in the typical scenario of teacher-student interaction and
are generally configured as sexual approaches upon which promotion or
punishment depends.
I've heard of some unpleasant experiences of young female
students subjected to pressures, more or less explicit, of course
unwanted... From this point of view, it seems to me that the
scientific community is a mirror of society. (M3, L3).
These behaviours support the code of segregation and reinforce the idea
that women are primarily sexual subjects, rather than individuals with
intellectual abilities. If in most cases harassing behaviours are not well-
accepted, some female permanent members of the astrophysical staff,
thinking back to their experience of mentoring, also show a “regret” for not
having taken advantage – in terms of work and career opportunities – of
situations resulting from a particular “interest” towards them.
If you are a pretty young woman everyone would like to be your
“mentor”... and this is a card that you can play in your favor if
you're shrewd enough. Now, with hindsight, I would play that card
better, of course! Instead, at the moment I felt uneasy... seniors
were always looking for me ... (W6, L3).
In a male-dominated workplace, women worth is often valued according
to cultural standards of beauty and women who wish to be successful need to
compete with other women also on these terms. The organization of
scientific research configures itself as a laboratory in which gender relations
are negotiated. However, gender is not the only component which acts at the
core of relationships. In some situations, social interactions emphasize
biological/sexual differences, while at other times they minimize, contradict
or complicate them.
Géneros – Multidisciplinary Journal of Gender Studies, 3(3) 497
Towards Women-scientists’ Identity
Work has long been understood as central to male identity, signifying
personal/family responsibility and commitment to the duties of citizenship.
It determines the status in society, and vocational identity helps considerably
in establishing a sense of worth and knowledge about oneself. In other
words, working activity helps building the social identity of the subjects,
even in a historical phase in which a relative loss of centrality of the
meaning of work, compared to other spheres of life, can be assumed. With
the rise in female participation in the labour market, work is increasingly
influencing also women’s identity and self-esteem. However, women who
undertake professional careers are often seen (and they see themselves) as
stepping outside the traditional female role, especially those who are
employed in male-dominated professions. In fact, the professional sphere
represents a relevant context for gender differences, influencing the
development of identity and defining the expectations of women and men.
Identity «is the system of meanings that, linking the individuals with the
cultural universe of shared values and social symbols, allows them to give
their actions a meaning for themselves and others, to make choices and to
give coherence to their own biography»
(Sciolla, 1983, p. 105; my
translation)
. From a gender point of view, identity can be seen as a key
reference point where cultural masculinities and femininities are played out
– through expectations and feedback – and expressed, as people act
following their sense of who they are and what they want
(Alvesson &
Billing, 2009)
. Gender identity plays an important part in the process of
identity construction and can be defined as «the recognition of the
implications of one’s belonging to one sex in terms of the development of
attitudes, behaviours and desires, more or less conforming to the cultural and
social expectations»
(Ruspini, 2003, p. 17; my translation)
. Therefore, the
process of acquisition of gender identity is related to the definition of gender
roles and it has its origin in the social and relational network of the subject
(Melucci, 1991)
. Identity develops and changes over time in a social and
cultural context and in close interaction with other people who confirm,
support or disrupt – through policies, rewards and sanctions, acts, language
and so on – different claims
4
. This continual process ensures that the
498 F. Gaspani – Gendered Organizations. The Case of Italian
Astrophysics
attainment of social identity is at one and the same time a «referent for
individual continuity, an index of collective similarity and differentiation
and a canvas upon which identification can play»
(Jenkins, 1996, p. 21)
. In
other words, the ways in which meanings are created in the multiple
dimensions of the identitarian process answer to the expectations and
constraints of particular environments. In Giddens’ words
(1991, p. 52)
,
identity «is not something that is just given, as a result of continuities of the
individual’s action system, but something that has to be routinely created
and sustained in the reflexive activities of the individual», in accordance
with a model that considers both continuity and mutability of identity – the
ability to adapt to changing circumstances in order to create a coherent
individual/social identity.
In order to explore the identity construction of women-scientists, it is
necessary to examine the generative power of conventions, beliefs and
representations regarding women’s scientific work, analysing the effects
produced by these socio-cultural dimensions on individuals’ behaviours and
interpretations. However, not only the professional setting has to be
considered; also domestic arrangements «are part of the culture of science.
Despite the historical distinction between the domestic and public spheres,
private life is not separate from public life»
(Schiebinger, 1999, p. 93)
.
Studying how individuals relate to social facts and face everyday reality as a
whole, we are able to explore the foundations of their decisions and to
highlight the conflicts between roles, the processes of categorization and the
socially legitimated conventions about women-scientists. Analysing
women’s personal orientations we can cast a light on their attitudes, values
and choices, that are significant elements for identity.
According to the majority of the women interviewed, scientific activity is
a significant source of self-esteem. However, women-astrophysics do not
always consider the working dimension as a foundational experience of their
identity or as a preeminent space of evaluation of their existence. The
analysis reveals instrumental attitudes towards employment, in respect of
which it is necessary to review and re-balance personal priorities.
Two years ago I wouldn’t have hesitated in telling you that my
work was an important part of my life. Today I have a permanent
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