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point of view the task of the government was to increase want in order
to make the physical sanction of hunger effective.*
The acceptance of near-indigency of the mass of the citizens as the
price to be paid for the highest stage of prosperity was accompanied by
very different human attitudes. Townsend righted his emotional bal-
ance by indulging in prejudice and sentimentalism. The improvi-
dence of the poor was a law of nature, for servile, sordid, and ignoble
work would otherwise not be done. Also what would become of the fa-
therland unless we could rely on the poor? "For what is it but distress
and poverty which can prevail upon the lower classes of the people to
encounter all the horrors which await them on the tempestuous ocean
or on the field of battle?" But this display of a rugged patriotism still
left room for more tender sentiments. Poor relief should, of course, be
abolished outright. The Poor Laws "proceed from principles which
border on absurdity, as professing to accomplish that which, in the
very nature and constitution of the world, is impracticable." But once
the indigent were left to the mercy of the well-to-do, who can doubt
that "the only difficulty" is to restrain the impetuosity of the latter's
benevolence? And are the sentiments of charity not far nobler than
those that flow from hard-and-fast legal obligations? "Can in nature
anything be more beautiful than the mild complacency of benevo-
lence?" he cried out, contrasting it with the cold heartlessness of "a
parish pay-table," which knew not those scenes of an "artless expres-
sion of unfeigned gratitude for unexpected favours...." "When the
poor are obliged to cultivate the friendship of the rich, the rich will
never want inclination to relieve the distress of the poor...." No one
who has read this touching portrayal of the intimate life of the Two
Nations can doubt that, unconsciously, it was from the island of the
goats and dogs that Victorian England drew its sentimental education.
Edmund Burke was a man of different stature. Where men like
Townsend failed in a small way, he failed in a great way. His genius ex-
alted brutal fact into tragedy, and invested sentimentality with the
halo of mysticism. "When we affect to pity as poor those who must la-
bour or the world cannot exist, we are trifling with the condition of
mankind." This was undoubtedly better than coarse indifference,
empty lamentations, or the cant of sympathetic uplift. But the virility
of this realistic attitude was impaired by the subtle complacency with
* Bentham, J.,
Principles of Civil Code, p. 314.