Table 3-3 Levels of Significant Exposure to Plutonium - Inhalation
(continued)
a
Key to
Figure
PLUTONIUM
3. HEALTH EFFECTS
40
15
16
Cancer
17
18
19
20
Species
(Strain)
Dog
(Beagle)
Dog
(Beagle)
Dog
(Beagle)
Dog
Dog
(Beagle)
Dog
(Beagle)
Exposure/
Duration/
Frequency
(Route)
System
NOAEL
(kBq/kg)
Less Serious
(kBq/kg)
Serious
(kBq/kg)
Reference
Chemical Form
once
10-30 min
Resp
0.28
(chronic radiation
pneumonitis)
Park et al. 1997
238PuO2
Hemato
Musc/skel
0.28
0.28
1
(lymphopenia)
(radiation
osteodystrophy)
Hepatic
0.28
(increased serum liver
ALT and ALP)
once
Hemato
0.075
1.18
(intermittent
lymphopenia)
Weller et al. 1995b
239PuO2
once
0.25
(CEL: lung tumors)
DOE 1988a
239PuO2
once
0.19
(CEL: bone tumors)
DOE 1994a
239Pu(NO3)4
once
0.4
(CEL: bone tumors)
0.3
(CEL: lung, liver tumors)
Muggenburg et al. 1996
238PuO2
Once
0.63
(CEL: lung tumors)
Muggenburg et al. 2008
239PuO2
Comments
Group mean ILB for
respiratory,
hemato
and hepatic effects.
Mean ILB for
nonlymphopenic dogs.
Based on group mean
ILB and fatal lung
tumors.
Group mean ILB.
Lowest ILB at which
tumors were detected.
Group median ILB
Table 3-3 Levels of Significant Exposure to Plutonium - Inhalation
(continued)
a
Key to
Figure
Species
(Strain)
Exposure/
Duration/
Frequency
(Route)
System
NOAEL
(kBq/kg)
Less Serious
(kBq/kg)
LOAEL
Serious
(kBq/kg)
Reference
Chemical Form
Comments
21
Dog
(Beagle)
once
10-30 min
1
(CEL: bone tumors)
0.061
(CEL: lung tumors)
Park et al. 1997
238PuO2
Group mean ILB.
PLUTONIUM
3. HEALTH EFFECTS
41
a The number corresponds to entries in Figure 3-1.
ALP = alkaline phosphatase; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; BW =
body weight; CEL = cancer effect level; Hemato = hematological; ILB = initial lung burden; kBq/kg BW = initial
lung burden in kilobecquerel/kilogram body weight; LOAEL = lowest-observed-adverse-effect level; M = male; min = minute(s); NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect level; Resp =
respiratory
Figure 3-1 Levels of Significant Exposure
to Plutonium - Inhalation
Acute (≤14 days)
Systemic
kBq/kg BW
Death
Respiratory Hematological Musculoskeletal
Hepatic Cancer *
100
10k
2k
10
1k
12d
4d
11d
10k
12d
13d
10k
5d
7d
13d
13d
16d
1
3d
8d
9d
11d
12d
15d
21d
6d
7d
13d
20d
19d
15d
15d
15d
15d
19d
17d
18d
0.1
16d
21d
14d
0.01
14d
*Doses represent the lowest dose tested per study that produced a tumorigenic
response and do not imply the existence of a threshold for the cancer endpoint.
0.001
c-Cat
-Humans
f-Ferret
n-Mink
Cancer Effect Level-Animals
Cancer Effect Level-Humans
LD50/LC50
d-Dog
k-Monkey
j-Pigeon
o-Other
LOAEL, More Serious-Animals
LOAEL,
More Serious-Humans
Minimal Risk Level
r-Rat
m-Mouse
e-Gerbil
LOAEL, Less Serious-Animals
LOAEL, Less Serious-Humans
for effects
p-Pig
h-Rabbit
s-Hamster
NOAEL
- Animals
NOAEL - Humans
other than
q-Cow
a-Sheep
g-Guinea Pig
Cancer
PLUTONIUM
3. HEALTH EFFECTS
42
