322
THE VARIETIES OF RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE
Mystical conditions may, therefore, render the soul more ener-
getic in the lines which their inspiration favors. But this could be
reckoned an advantage only in case the inspiration were a true one.
If the inspiration were erroneous, the energy would be all the more
mistaken and misbegotten. So we stand once more before that
problem of truth which confronted us at the end of the lectures
on saintliness. You will remember that we turned to mysticism
precisely to get some light on truth. Do mystical states establish the
truth of those theological affections in which the saintly life has
its root?
In spite of their repudiation of articulate self-description,
mystical states in general assert a pretty distinct theoretic drift. It is
possible to give the outcome of the majority of them in terms that
point in definite philosophical directions. One of these directions
is optimism, and the other is monism. We pass into mystical states
from out of ordinary consciousness as from a less into a more, as
from a smallness into a vastness, and at the same time as from an
unrest to a rest. We feel them as reconciling, unifying states. They
appeal to the yes-function more than to the no-function in us.
In them the unlimited absorbs the limits and peacefully closes the
account. Their very denial of every adjective you may propose as
applicable to the ultimate truth, — He, the Self, the Atman, is to
be described by “No! no!” only, say the Upanishads,
1
— though it
seems on the
surface to be a no-function,
is a denial made on behalf
of a deeper yes. Whoso calls the Absolute anything in particular,
or says that it is this, seems implicitly to shut it off from being
that — it is as if he lessened it. So we deny the “this,” negating
the negation which it seems to us to imply, in the interests of the
higher affirmative attitude by which we are possessed. The fountain-
head of Christian mysticism is Dionysius the Areopagite. He
describes the absolute truth by negatives exclusively.
“The cause of all things is neither soul nor intellect; nor has it imagina-
tion, opinion, or reason, or intelligence; nor is it reason or intelligence;
nor is it spoken or thought. It is neither number, nor order, nor magni-
tude, nor littleness, nor equality, nor inequality, nor similarity, nor dis-
similarity. It neither stands, nor moves, nor rests. . . . It is neither essence,
nor eternity, nor time. Even intellectual contact does not belong to it.
1
M
ÜLLER
’
S
translation, part ii. p. 180.
MYSTICISM
323
It is neither science nor truth. It is not even royalty or wisdom; not one;
not unity; not divinity or goodness; nor even spirit as we know it,” etc.,
ad libitum.
1
But these qualifications are denied by Dionysius, not because the
truth falls short of them, but because it so infinitely excels them. It
is above them. It is super-lucent, super-splendent, super-essential,
super-sublime,
super everything that can be named. Like Hegel in
his logic, mystics journey towards the positive pole of truth only by
the ‘Methode der Absoluten Negativität.’
2
Thus come the paradoxical expressions that so abound in mystical
writings. As when Eckhart tells of the still desert of the Godhead,
“where never was seen difference, neither Father, Son, nor Holy
Ghost, where there is no one at home, yet where the spark of the
soul is more at peace than in itself.”
3
As when Boehme writes of
the Primal Love, that “it may fitly be compared to Nothing, for it is
deeper than any Thing, and is as nothing with respect to all things,
forasmuch as it is not comprehensible by any of them. And because
it is nothing respectively, it is therefore free from all things, and is
that only good, which a man cannot express or utter what it is,
there being nothing to which it may be compared, to express it
by.”
4
Or as when Angelus Silesius sings: —
“Gott ist ein lauter Nichts, ihn rührt kein Nun noch Hier;
Je mehr du nach ihm greiffst, je mehr entwind er dir.”
5
To this dialectical use, by the intellect, of negation as a mode
of passage towards a higher kind of affirmation, there is correlated
the subtlest of moral counterparts in the sphere of the personal
will. Since denial of the finite self and its wants, since asceticism
of some sort, is found in religious experience to be the only door-
way to the larger and more blessed life, this moral mystery inter-
twines and combines with the intellectual mystery in all mystical
writings.
1
T. D
AVIDSON
’
S
translation, in Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 1893, vol. xxii, p. 399.
2
“Deus propter excellentiam non immerito Nihil vocatur.” Scotus Erigena, quoted by
A
NDREW
S
ETH
: Two Lectures on Theism, New York, 1897, p. 55.
3
J. R
OYCE
: Studies in Good and Evil, p. 282.
4
Jacob Behmen’s Dialogues on the Supersensual Life, translated by B
ERNARD
H
OLLAND
,
London, 1901, p. 48.
5
Cherubinischer Wandersmann, Strophe 25.