134 Man's Search for
Meaning
Logotherapy in a Nutshell 135
Later I was convinced that, like others, he
had with the help of his comrades made his
way to South America. More recently,
however, I was consulted by a former
Austrian diplomat who had been imprisoned
behind the Iron Curtain for many years, first
in Siberia and then in the famous Lubianka
prison in Moscow. While I was examining
him neurologically, he suddenly asked me
whether I happened to know Dr. J. After my
affirmative reply he continued: "I made his
acquaintance in Lubianka. There he died, at
about the age of forty, from cancer of the
urinary bladder. Before he died, however, he
showed himself to be the best comrade you can
imagine! He gave consolation to everybody.
He lived up to the highest conceivable moral
standard. He was the best friend I ever met
during my long years in prison!"
This is the story of Dr. J., "the mass
murderer of Stein-hof." How can we dare to
predict the behavior of man? We may predict
the movements of a machine, of an automaton;
more than this, we may even try to predict the
mechanisms or "dynamisms" of the human
psyche as well. But man is more than psyche.
Freedom, however, is not the last word.
Freedom is only part of the story and half of
the truth. Freedom is but the negative aspect
of the whole phenomenon whose positive
aspect is responsibleness. In fact, freedom is in
danger of
degenerating into mere
arbitrariness unless it is lived in terms of
responsibleness. That is why / recommend
that the Statue of Liberty on the East Coast
be supplemented by a Statue of Responsibility
on the West Coast.
THE PSYCHIATRIC CREDO
There is nothing conceivable which would
so condition a man as to leave him without
the slightest freedom. Therefore, a residue of
freedom, however limited it may be, is left
to man in neurotic and even psychotic cases.
Indeed, the innermost core of the patient's
personality is not even touched by a
psychosis.
An incurably psychotic individual may lose
his usefulness but yet retain the dignity of a
human being. This is my psychiatric credo.
Without it I should not think it worthwhile to
be a psychiatrist. For whose sake? Just for the
sake of a damaged brain machine which
cannot be repaired? If the patient were not
definitely more, euthanasia would be justified.
PSYCHIATRY REHUMANIZED
For too long a time—for half a century, in
fact—psychiatry tried to interpret the human
mind merely as a mechanism, and
consequently the therapy of mental disease
merely in terms of a technique. I believe
this dream has been dreamt out. What now
begins to loom on the horizon are not the
sketches of a psychologized medicine but
rather those of a humanized psychiatry.
A doctor, however, who would still interpret
his own role mainly as that of a technician
would confess that he sees in his patient
nothing more than a machine, instead of
seeing the human being behind the diseasel
A human being is not one thing among
others; things determine each other, but man
is ultimately self-determining. What he
becomes—within the limits of endowment
and environment—he has made out of
himself. In the concentration camps, for
example, in this living laboratory and on this
testing ground, we watched and witnessed
some of our comrades behave like swine while
others behaved like saints. Man has both
potentialities within himself; which one is
actualized depends on decisions but not on
conditions.
136 Man's Search for Meaning
Our generation is realistic, for we have come to know
man as he really is. After all, man is that being who in
vented the gas chambers of Auschwitz; however, he is also
that being who entered those gas chambers upright, with
the Lord's Prayer or the Shema Yisrael on his lips.
POSTSCRIPT 1984
The Case for a
Tragic Optimism*
Dedicated to the memory of Edith Weisskopf-Joelson, whose
pioneering efforts in logotherapy in the United States began
as early as 1955 and whose contributions to the field have
been invaluable.
L
ET
us
FIRST
ASK
OURSELVES
WHAT
SHOULD
BE
understood by "a
tragic optimism." In brief it means that one is, and remains,
optimistic in spite of the "tragic triad," as it is called in
logotherapy, a triad which consists of those aspects of
human existence which may be circumscribed by: (1) pain;
(2) guilt; and (3) death. This chapter, in fact, raises the
question, How is it possible to say yes to life in spite of all
that? How, to pose the question differently, can life retain
its potential meaning in spite of its tragic aspects? After all,
"saying yes to life in spite of everything," to use the phrase
in which the title of a German book of mine is couched,
presupposes that life is potentially meaningful under any
conditions, even those which are most miserable. And this
in turn presupposes the human capacity to creatively turn
life's negative aspects into something positive or construc
tive. In other words, what matters is to make the best of any
given situation. "The best," however, is that which in Latin
is called optimum—hence the reason I speak of a tragic
optimism, that is, an optimism in the face of tragedy and in
• This chapter is based on a lecture I presented at the Third World
Congress of Logotherapy, Regensburg University, West Germany, June
1983.
139
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