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Vali Aliyev
Karabakh
(The ancient period)
K A R A B A K H
141
K arabakh — is th e M o th e rla n d o f th e A z e rb a ija n i M u g h am , w hich
has taken its o rig in fro m lu llab ies o f o u r g ran d m o th e rs an d m others.
It is the sa c red la n d o f our T u rk ic a n c e sto rs, w h o se ethnic ro o ts go
deep into th e A z y k h C ave, o n e o f th e e a rlie st h u m a n settlem ents in
the South C a u c a su s, an cien t M il-K a ra b a k h step p e an d K hojaly
civilisation.
I dedicate th is b o o k to the u n fo rg e tta b le m em o ry o f o u r ancestors,
w hose b o d ies lie b u rie d in K arab ak h , A z e rb a ija n 's an cien t cradle o f
culture for th o u sa n d s o f years, a n d th a t o f the c o u rag eo u s sons o f
ours, w ho a sc e n d e d to h ero ic m a rty rd o m fig h tin g A rm en ian
aggressors in the 1990s, and o f tlıose in n o c e n t civ ilian s o f K hojaly,
w ho fell v ic tim s to g en o cid e b y A rm e n ia n s.
The aim o f th is b o o k is to let th e p e o p le s a ro u n d th e w o rld know
th at since th e em e rg e n c e o f the crad le o f c iv ilizatio n K arab ak h has
b een the n a tiv e a n d etem al h e a rth o f cu ltu re fo r the eth n ically
Turkic A z e rb a ija n i p eo p le.
D uring 2 0 0 0 - 1 0 0 0 B .C ., a n c ie n t in h ab itan ts o f K h o jaly created a
g reat civ ilizatio n in the S o u th C a u c a su s th at sh ared u n iv ersal
values. It w a s th e m w h o e sta b lish e d a n d b ro u g h t to p e rfectio n the
iro n craftsm an sh ip a n d m etallu rg y in th is g atew ay b e tw e e n E urope
an dA sia.
R egretfully, in th e e ra w h en g lo b al c o m m u n ity w as risin g to n ew
h ig h s o f civ ilisatio n , th e entire ta n g ib le an d cultu ral h erita g e o f the
c ity o f K h o jaly w as b u rn t to ashes an d lev elled to g ro u n d in the m o st
atrocious m anner, w ith its citizen s tra g ic a lly su b jected to an act o f
genocide.
A t around 9 .0 0 p m on the 2 5 th o f F e b ru a ry 1992, b lo o d th irsty
A rm en ian m ilitia gro u p s em b ed d ed w ith m ercen aries from the
336th R u ssian m o b ile in fan try re g im e n t in v ad ed K h o jaly and
co m m itted an act o f genocide. T h e se atro cities left 613 people
k illed and 4 8 7 fata lly w ounded.
E ig h t fam ilies w ere b ru tally
g u n n ed d o w n to th e last p e rso n w ith 1,275 K h o jalian s taken
captive, and th e city to rch ed an d left in ruins.
P ro fesso r Vali A liy ev
K A R A B A K H
142
INTRODUCTION
T / ' arabakh, the m ost ancient cultural centre in Azerbaijan, is located
/ \ between the Lesser Caucasus and the Kura and Araks rivers and
consisted o f highland and lowland areas. The Karabakh plateau
extends between the Zangezur and Karabakh mountain ridges.
The Karabakh plateau is surrounded by the following mountain
ridges: M yhtoken in the North, Karabakh in the East, Geychay and
Zangezur in the West. Its geology features basalt and andesine o f the
Upper Pliocene and Anthopogene. There are volcanogenic and
sedimentary rocks o f Cretaceous, Paleogene and Neogene periods. The
plateau narrows in the South and forms a triangle between the Bazarchai
and Hekeri rivers which is crossed by river galleys. There are large
extinct volcanoes in the lavaplains formed by eruptions.
The sources of the Terterchay, Hojaschay, Zabukh, Bazarchay
rivers originate from the Karabakh plateau. The Alageller and Garagel
lakes are located on the plateau. Large subalpine m eadows are
favourable for cattle breeding.
In the north-west the Terterchay river plain separates the Karabakh
ridge from the M urovdag ridge, and in the east the Hekeri river plain
separates it from the Karabakh plateau. The highest peaks are Gyz Gala
(2,843 m) and Beuk Kirs (2,725 m). The mineral springs o f Tursh Su and
Shirlan are located on the plateau.
Down the Araks river, the south-westem part o f the plateau tums
into submountain plains. The sources o f the following rivers are located
in the Karabakh ridge: the Hachin, Gargar, Kendelenchay, Gumchay,
Gozluchay ete.
The Karabakh plain is surrounded by the Ganja-Gazakh plain in
the North-East, Murovdag and Karabakh ridges in the east and Mill
steppe in the south and south-west.
The Kura river separates Karabakh from the Shirvan steppe. The
plain has a hummock-and-hollow and terraced profıle. There are oil
deposits in the Karabakh plain, Terter district. The climate in the area is
temperate and dry subtropical. The following rivers flow in the area:
Injechay, Terterchay, Hachinchay and Gargarchay.
A smaller part o f the Karabakh plain is covered with oak and elm
K A R A B A K II
143
woods. The barrks o f the K ura are covered w ith riparian woods (oak, elm,
willow) and bushes.
The follow ing types o f soil can be found in the area: grey and
chestnut in the foothills, m ountain-forest and m ountain-m eadow in the
mountains. Cherry-plum , pear, com el, walnut, hazelnut, m edlar and
other fruit trees as w ell as various berries grow in the w o o d s.
Wildlife is rich in m ountains and forests.
Natural resources include copper and complex ore deposits in
Mehnadag, lithographic stone in M irikend and concrete.
The follow ing districts are located in the region: Lachin, Kelbajar,
Shusha, Khankendi, A skeran, Agdam , Barda, Terter, Agjabedi and
Beylagan.
Due to the favourable geographic conditions o f Karabakh, such as
fertile soils in the low land, rich alpine m eadows in the highland as well as
natural resources (copper, iron and so on), people settled here in early
days o f prim itive societies, after cultural and econom ic evolution the
region tum ed into one o f the cultural centres o f the South Caucasus.
ANCIENT HISTORY OF KARABAKH
r
he ancient history o f Karabakh was studied from the 19"' century
with research o f various m aterials, artefacts and docum ents carried
out.
Ancient artefacts o f Karabakh attracted attention o f foreign
travellers and am ateur researchers in the early 19I[1 century.
Excavations conducted by the above were m ore akin raids than
scientifıc surveys o f the ancient history o f Karabakh. The travelers and
amateur researchers (o f various professions) arrived in Azerbaijan and
Karabakh, in particular, to excavate burial sites. Many rare and valuable
artifacts found by them w ere exported and are now exhibited in museums
o f various countries. The artifacts are very important for the in-depth
study of the ancient history o f Karabakh.
In 1828, the A zeri territory to the North o f the Araks river came
under the jurisdiction o f Russia by Turkmenchay Peace Treaty.
In 1834, Swiss traveler Dubois de M ontperot visited Karabakh, in
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