A. L. Dumitrescu, Liviu Zetu and Silvia Teslaru
18
mucosa is estimated by the use of the type of the syringe. A horizontal incision,
perpendicular to the underlying
bone surface, is made approximately 3mm apical to
the soft tissue margin in the premolar region. The mesiodiostal extension of the
incision is determined by the graft size required. To facilitate the removal of the
graft, a vertical releasing incision can be made at the mesial termination of the
primary incision. An incision is then placed from the line of the first incision and
directed apically to perform a split incision of the palatal mucosa.
A small periosteal
elevator is used to release the connective tissue graft. Sutures may be placed in the
graft before it is released completely free from the donor area to facilitate is
placement at the recipient site.
The graft is immediately placed in the recipient site and
secured in position with
interrupted sutures. The mucosal flap is then sutured to cover the connective tissue
graft. Interrupted sutures are placed in the papilla region as well as along the wound
of the vertical incisions. It is recommended to place a surgical dressing for
protection
of the area during the first week of healing.
It has been showed that the clinical outcome of this surgical method is not affected
by orientation of connective tissue graft (Laftzi et al., 2007; Al-Zahrani et al., 2004)
nor by the presence of the epithelial collar (Byun et al. 2004).
Bouchard et al. (2001) performed an evaluation of 16 studies on the effect of free
connective tissue grafts in the treatment of recession defects. The maximum length of the
selected studies was 18 months. The mean initial depth of the treated recessions was 3.9 mm
(3.3-4.9mm) for submerged grafts followed by rotational flaps the mean % of root coverage
(range) was 83% (70-97). When considering the submerged grafts followed by coronally
positioned flap at a mean initial depth of the treated recessions of 4.0 mm (3.0-5.6 mm), the
mean % of root coverage (range) was 82% (52-99).
Chambrone et al. (2008) evaluated the effectiveness of subepithelial connective tissue
grafts over other techniques when used in the treatment of recession defects, in terms of
changes in clinical outcomes, occurrence of adverse effects, aesthetic condition and patient‘s
satisfaction. The results indicated a statistically significant greater reduction in gingival
recession for subepithelial connective tissue grafts, when compared to acellular dermal matrix
graft (Weighted mean difference -0.63mm; 95% CI: -1.26, 0.00) and guided tissue
regeneration with resorbable membranes(Weighted mean difference -0.41mm; 95% CI: -0.62,
-0.20). For clinical attachment level changes, differences in CAL gain between all groups
were not significant. For changes in the width of keratinized tissue, the results showed a
statistically significant gain in the width of keratinized tissue for subepithelial connective
tissue grafts when compared to guided tissue regeneration with resorbable membranes
(Weighted mean difference -1.46mm; 95% CI: -2.12, -0.81), guided tissue regeneration with
non-resorbable membranes (Weighted mean difference -1.82mm; 95% CI: -3.28, -0.35) and
guided tissue regeneration with resorbable membranes associated to bone substitutes
(Weighted mean difference -2.10mm; 95% CI: -2.51, -1.69). The percentages of compete root
coverage and mean root coverage showed markedly variation. Procedures of subepithelial
connective tissue grafts have given 8.6% - 96.1% complete root coverage and 64.5% - 97.3%
mean root coverage. Overall comparisons allowed the authors to consider subepithelial
connective tissue graft as the ―gold standard‖ procedure in the treatment of recession-type
defects.
A. L. Dumitrescu, Liviu Zetu and Silvia Teslaru
20
Figure 7. Schematic drawing of the ―envelope‖ technique.
Subepithelial connective tissue grafts have been showed to be statistically superior to
guided tissue regenerationwith resorbable membranes in achieving root coverage. Acellular
dermal matrix grafts were proposed as an alternative in cases where subepithelial connective
tissue grafts harvested from the palate are not sufficient to cover a recession area (Chambrone
et al., 2009).
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