I I A S N E W S L E T T E R # 4 7 S p r i n g 0 0 8
R E S E A R C H
Southeast Asia is the cradle of betel-chewing. Used as a stimulant and to treat minor ills, the custom spread from Southeast
Asian islands to mainland Vietnam probably around the first millennium B.C. Thailand seemingly received the practice from
neighbouring countries to the west. These two main regional actors influenced Laos and Cambodia. Our decade-long research
and observation, which intensified in 2002-04 and 2006-07, delved into this declining but storied tradition.
Betel-chewing in mainland Southeast Asia
Nguyê˜n Xuân Hiên and P. A. Reichart
B
etel-chewing goes way back. Areca
nut and betel leaf are its two crucial
components, born by the areca palm tree
and betel vine, respectively. The areca
palm tree was domesticated somewhere
in the Malaysian archipelago. While exca-
vations of ancient archaeological sites
have never turned up betel vine or leaf
remains, human skeletons bearing evi-
dence of betel-chewing, dated to about
3,000 B.C., have been found in Duyong
Cave in the Philippines. At Spirit Cave in
north-west Thailand C. F. Gorman found
carbonised areca-like grains carbon-14-
dated to 7,000-5,500 B.C. (1970: 98), but
their domesticity needs to be scientifically
confirmed (C. F. Gorman, personal com-
munication to Hiên, 1978).
Hailing from a time closer to ours, the
Vietnamese folktale ‘The Story of the Betel
and the Areca Nut’ is well known
all over the world and quoted in publica-
tions on betel-chewing. Until 2004, it was
believed that this was the only betel-chew-
ing-related folktale in existence, with mul-
tiple versions adapted from its original
source, Lı˜nh Nam chích quái liê˛ t truyê˛ n
(Collection of Extraordinary Tales from Lı˜nh
Nam, hand-written version, 1695). But a
careful screening of ancient and modern
literature written in ch˜u’ Nho,
1
ch˜u’ Nôm,
2
ch˜u’ Quô’c Ng˜u’ï (ch˜u’ Viê˛
t),
3
French, Eng-
lish and German from the 11th century to
the present led to a wonderful discovery:
the tale is actually only one of a series of
six different types on the motif ‘The Ori-
gin of the Betel Chewing Custom’. The five
other types are less popular, and each one
presents its characters differently. All are
told by the Viê.t ethnic group, while seven
other ethnicities (Dao, Tày and Tháy in the
north, Co, Katu, Sedang in central Vietnam
and the Khmer in the south) contribute
their own folktales on the same motif.
Moreover, folktales about other motifs
related to betel-chewing were also dis-
covered, such as ‘The Monk Turned into
a Lime Pot’, ‘The Novice Turned into a
Spittoon’ and a tale about the specific way
the Vietnamese prepare betel rolls, ‘Why
Do We Use a Tip-cut-off Betel Leaf?’. In
addition, we found nine tale variants with
details and/or episodes concerning the
areca tree, betel-vine, betel quid and quid
remains. Betel-chewing peoples are famil-
iar with at least some of this rich folktale
tradition. All of the tales share the same
clear impact of Buddhism, as their char-
acters experience endless incarnation,
enlightenment.
Betel basics
Betel quid composition varies from place
to place, but its core elements remain the
same and consist of three components:
the betel leaf, the areca nut and slaked
lime. In northern Thailand, and to a lesser
extent in Laos and Cambodia, dried areca
grain is used in place of the fresh areca nut
that is popular in other areas. White lime
is popular in north and central Vietnam,
while coloured (mainly pink) lime can be
found in betel-chewing areas through-
out mainland Southeast Asia. Tobacco is
sometimes added to betel quid and the
geographic distribution of its use is sup-
posedly linked to coloured lime use. The
manufactured ready-to-chew variety (usu-
ally sold under the name pan masala) is
unknown in Southeast Asia, except in
southern China.
Every betel chewer has to use certain tools
to prepare his betel quid: a cutter or knife
to cut the areca nut into quarters and a
container for slaked lime. A complete betel
service includes up to five components
in Laos and Cambodia-areca cutter, lime
tube, betel box, spittoon and betel mortar
and nine in Vietnam-areca knife, lime pot,
bronze betel box, wooden betel box, spit-
toon, betel bag, lime tube, betel mortar,
betel cloth/towel. Betel service style and
materials differ largely from country to
country. Handicraft skills, patterns, and
decorative motifs depend on local history
and culture.
Lime containers in mainland Southeast
Asia can be divided into two types: lime
tubes in Thailand, Cambodia and Laos,
were made of bronze or silver with a stupa-
shaped lid, richly decorated and never tall-
er than 15 cm; lime pots in Vietnam were
made of ceramic or porcelain (or, very
rarely, of bronze, silver or gold), shaped
like the areca nut or a globe and stylisti-
cally glazed. The latter type is divided into
two sub-types: one has a curved handle
(north and south Vietnam) and the other
has a nodule-shaped handle (in central
Vietnam, where Champa influence still
exists). A round spatula hole is also a main
characteristic of Vietnamese lime pots,
and some are decorated with calligraphic
poems. Some Vietnamese lime pots were
actually made in China or England.
The Buddhist sects strongly influenced
lime container shape and design. In
Thailand, Cambodia and Laos, where the
Theravada sect attracted major followers,
the tube lid was stupa-shaped. In Vietnam,
where the Mahayana sect was strongest
and pagodas didn’t include a tower, the
potters chose to make their products in
the shape of the areca nut. Today these
once popular lime containers have totally
disappeared from daily life. Collectors seek
out ancient lime tubes and pots, while fake
pots are made with a modern design and
reserved for foreigners.
In Thailand, and to a lesser degree in
Cambodia and Laos, areca cutters were
developed in several forms and shapes,
especially in royal courts and aristocratic
families of dethroned dynasties. Nowa-
days, these highly decorated cutters have
disappeared and been replaced by ordi-
nary but sharp knives. In Vietnam, where
areca cutters were unknown, areca knives
Traditional lime tube from Thailand
(P. A. Reichart).
Traditional lime pot from Viet-
nam (Nguyê˜n Xuân Hiê’n).
Typical cancer risk of betel
chewers (P. A. Reichart).
Areca nut