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![](/i/favi32.png) A concise History of Germanya-concise-history-of-germany-3rd-ed-9781108407083Plate 15.
The Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Regensburg, 1653. From 1663, the Imperial Diet was
no longer a body periodically summoned by the Emperor, but rather a permanent congress of
ambassadors meeting in Regensburg.
Yet all generalisations are fraught with dangers. Germany from the end of the
Thirty Years War to the period of the Napoleonic Wars following the French
Revolution was by no means a stagnant backwater: neither politically, nor in
social and cultural developments. Of crucial importance in the longer term was
the rise of Brandenburg-Prussia in this period, to become in the middle decades
of the eighteenth century a powerful challenger to the dominance of Austria,
and, in the nineteenth century, eventually to wrest control of the unification of
‘small Germany’ from an excluded Austria. Culturally, the period was one of
lasting significance, with profound achievements in music, literature and
philosophy, and with the growth of a literate, articulate public. Even in the
renowned separation of the spheres of ‘power’ and ‘the spirit’ (
Macht
and
Geist
), the picture was by no means as simple as easy generalisations about the
‘apolitical German’ would have us believe. The peculiarly German variant of the
Enlightenment, the
Aufklärung
, while tending to sustain rather than criticise the
role of worldly rulers, at the same time was frequently embedded in the
processes of secular rule with quite progressive effects, as implied in the notion
of ‘enlightened absolutism’.
While the impact on Germany of the French Revolution, through the
Napoleonic Wars of expansion, was quite profound, it was by no means simply a
catalyst propelling a sleepy Germany rapidly into the modern world of the
nineteenth century. There was a dynamism in eighteenth-century Germany
which must not be overlooked simply because the pattern was so very different
from that of other European states, or because it is viewed, anachronistically,
with the assumption that the unified nation state is the ultimate goal of history.
The changes wrought in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century were
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