Plate 14.
A vivid depiction of ‘travellers’, rootless and maimed people with no fixed livelihood in the
disrupted society of mid-seventeenth-century Europe.
Whatever the necessary qualifications, the Thirty Years War marked a major
watershed in German history. Its course and its conclusion confirmed and
crystallised the territorial fragmentation of German politics, and marked another
stage in the decentralisation of the Holy Roman Empire. Its effects on German
economy and society both consolidated Germany’s partial eclipse from the
centre of European economic development, and laid the foundations for the
rising power of princes, at the expense of estates and towns, in the subsequent
century. The Germany that emerged in the age of absolutism was not that of
independent aristocrats or burgher pride, but rather of small and medium-sized
principalities, courtly nobilities and bureaucracies. And, for all the exceptions to
which one can point, there was a widespread loss of self-confidence in German
culture, and sense of a need for renewal after the generations of suffering and
instability.
4
The age of absolutism, 1648–1815
◈
The German territories emerged somewhat strengthened from the Thirty Years
War, at least in respect of their political position in relation to the Empire. It was
quite clear that, although they still did not formally possess full sovereignty,
territorial rulers rather than the Holy Roman Emperor were the key political
actors. In the period from the mid-seventeenth century to the abolition of the
Holy Roman Empire under Napoleonic rule in 1806, a unique pattern of political
multiplicity existed in the German lands. The Holy Roman Empire ceased to be
an active political vehicle or potential basis for the development of a centralised
state; on the other hand, its continued juridical functions and rather passive
political protection permitted the survival of many small units, fragments which
without this wider context might easily have been submerged by larger
neighbours. Viewing the Empire as a whole, this was the German pattern of
‘small principalities’ or
Kleinstaaterei
which has led some observers to see
Germany as a petty, small-scale provincial backwater compared to the
increasingly powerful western European states of the later seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries (notably of course England and France). Concomitant with
this overall pattern of Imperial decentralisation was however a relatively high
degree of centralisation of power at the territorial level. Individual rulers within
the small states sought to gain more power for themselves at the expense of
those below. Rulers sought to rule without reference to parliaments or estates,
the representatives of the people (or at least some of the people). In the so-called
‘age of absolutism’ many rulers attempted, with greater or lesser degrees of
success, to gain greater power for themselves: to maintain standing armies, and
establish loyal bureaucracies, which would be capable of raising taxes to pay for
the army, and administering the territory in a profitable way. Associated with this
political pattern were changes in the sociopolitical configuration within
territories: independent feudal nobles became court-oriented aristocrats; self-
confident burghers became dependent bureaucrats; habits of obedience and
servility were stressed, for subjects rather than citizens. Again, many observers
have seen these developments as having long-term implications for German
political culture.
|