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wall- 60-70 sm, height of the niche 1,40 m, width 80 sm, depth on the wall is 25-30
sm. This type elements can be encountered in all houses of XVIII century.
Heating houses was one of actual problems in all periods. Padded chairs
were widely used at houses in Shirvan along with Nakhchievan and Abseron
region as heating means. The household element used in winter months consisted
of shallow hole dug on the floor. A low stool is put on the hole and a special
blanket called “blanket of padded chair” covered over it. The family members sat
around the padded chair and put feet under the blanket.
Traces of such hotbeds inside houses displayed in both III and IV
excavation sites still remain. Clay globes were applied with the purpose to heat
houses. Numerous globes displayed from archaeological excavations can be patent
proof for that. Metal furnage was used at houses along with furnage of padded
chair in some cases.
Though more perfect samples of heating means appeared as a result of
improvement of production in historical development process they were used only
in urban houses of noble society. This heating means were braziers made of
bronze. The braziers having decorative ornament elements are prepared by cast
method and brought to Azerbaijan more by transit trade. The remnant of cast iron
brazier displayed from archaeological excavations proves usage of this type
heating means in XVIII century or the century earlier. Though it is impossible to
inform comprehensively on the structure of the brazier, we can say on the basis of
12-centimeter height of stem that brazier was of no large size. Such braziers
usually have 8 feet and 12 boards tied these feet and worked out by cast method.
Boards were combined to each other by rings. An iron insole was placed in the
middle of brazier and incandesced coal was poured out inward. Brazier was either
placed under padded chair, or family members collected around the brazier put in
the middle of the house. Ir order to get much heat from cinder in the brazier it was
sometimes twirled by pair of tongs. Saying “Every one paws a cinder” which is
mostly used amidst nation was originated from this element on family household.
It is supposed that cast iron moulds obtained from archaeological
excavations were applied in production of decorative braziers. Form and size of
moulds coincide with side parts of braziers. It admits saying that cast iron braziers
included into our standards belong to local production and is particularly produced
in Agsu Town. It is ture that it was not real that braziers having heavy weight were
brought to Azebaijan through caravan trade in XVIII century in the period of ab-
sence of railways. Mainly from this viewpoint the dinding has very great scientific
importance. Braziers belonged to local production met demands of population.
One of heating resources spred broadly in past standards was fire-places.
Fireplaces had more practical importance as compared with padded chairs.
Distinguishable from the padded chairs it was possible to heat and cook in fire-
places. By the way, the expressions of Shirvan people like "I put meal on fire", and
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"I hang a pot" (also used by Garabag population) were occured in connection with
fire-place. Because a kettle to cook a meal in fire-place was hung from a special
fork or a chain intended for this purpose (this method was probably used in clay
ovens). Buxara remnants in the site of archaeological excavations make us to think
that XVIII century Agsu people used widely fire-places parallelly with heating
means like hotbed, clay oven, furnace, brazier.
Buxari was replaced in the middle of top wall in most houses. Irrespective
of plan structure of some houses, fire-places opened in the room corners were
also encountered. A site for hotbed observed in corner of houses uncovered in IV
excavation site can confirm this fact.
Means of elucidating houses are amongst interesting issues from ethnogra-
phic point of view. Different resources-middle sites, fire-end fire-brand, and
torcheswere applied historcially in elucidation of the house. Lamps burnt by oil
entered standards during subsequent movement of historical development. Oil
lamps known as “crane lamp” in scientific literature and made of pottery appeared
since VII-VIII century. According to one legend, these lamps guided cranes when
they lost ways and the lamp was called so on this occasion. In fact production
technology of a lamp demanded its preparation in zoomorphical and crane necklike
shape. They were called a crane lamp complied with form in this concern. Bottom
pipe or neck of crane lamps are intended for putting slow-match, while upper pipe
is provided for pouring out oil.
Display of a plenty of pottery lamps as a result of archaeological
excavations (inv. № 16, 66, 75, 105, 144, 197, 254, 277, 282, 287, 319, etc) shows
that these lamps prevailed over other elucidation means in standards for long years
and kept this stand in XVIII either. Copper's enter the way of life even could not
remove
it.
Prevalent
status
of
crane lamps in standards continued till mid XIX century, provision of lamps of
local and foreign production, made of glass, copper, and tin in Azerbaijan.
Moreover crane lamps were not entirely suppressed and were into use of people till
early XX century, application of electrical lamps.
Copper candlesticks though spred less in standards have specific place as
elucidation means. Copper candlesticks having different forms and structures were
applied over middle centuries. Copper candlestick of simple structure displayed in
IV site consists of pedestal bowl and a candlestick soldered to its centre. Diameter
of the candlestick's base is 10 cm, height is 6 cm. These candlesticks were used in
household till early XX century.
Another sample of lamp was made of copper and decor element similar to
barley by forging method was arranged on it. Cogged border of lace in the open
part was tied to main part by solder. It is difficult to determine its being a piece of a
lamp or chandelier since only the product's crumbs remained. However materials
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