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admit to have a notion about elucidation means used by population lived in XVIII
century Agsu Town, as well as production of handicraft.
As it is known, Azerbaijan created very rich handicraft legacy; improved
them through empiric knowledge and habits, and preserved most of them till
nowadays by tradition from generation to generation in its multi-century history.
Hundreds of home vocations and fields of handicraft existed till the end of XIX
century met internal deman of the nation (material, moral and home needs) and
introduced in internal and external markets becoming marketable product. Most of
these Horse's being basic transport means in the region stipulateddevelopment of
saddle-making and farrier there. Some metal items displayed during Agsu
excavations can be considered the samples of handicraft of farrier. Rings were used
with the purpose to provide formation of horse bridle, and breast-hackle and
hitched cords to the saddle saddle basis in handicraft of saddle-making. Therefore
there could be various-size rings prepared due to the order by blacksmiths along
with other facilities near the saddle. Iron rings found from 3a square are those in-
tended for hitch to cords to the saddle.
Another facilities to work out a saddle are belt and rasp. Belly-bands,
leather straps and breast-hackles were used for firm standstill of saddle onto a
horse's back. Special thongs having belts in the end are sewn in both sides of the
saddle, back and front parts to tie them. Belly-band passed under a horse's belly is
fastened to right and left of a saddle; leather straps are tied to horse's tail from right
and left of back of saddle; while breast-hackle consisted of three parts, one part
passed among horse's front legs tied to belly-band under betfy, and putting through
both sides of its neck is tied to saddle by thong in front part. A rasp was applied for
enlarge and diminish of belly-bands and bridle when needed. All of these pieces
were prepared in blacksmith's shop due to order. It is possible to tell thongs and
rasps found from 3, 3a and 4c squares of IV site belong to saddles. A big iron
needle obtained from the same square together with other facilities can be a neat
evidence for substantiating existence of saddle shop in this area at one time and
specify our conclusions.
Handicraft of farrier was specific vocation field concerned both rural, and
urban craftsmanship distinguishable from jewellery and brazier fields of
mettalurgy. If black-misths were engaged in farrier handicraft in dwelling points of
villages, farriers worked independently and usually placed around caravansary
and market square in cities. Though we have trivial materials on handicraft of
farrier due to archaeological excavations, they substantiate existence of a farrier
shop in 2b square they have found. Ethnographic investigations show that local
horseshoes (they were also called “Asian horseshoes”) and those of European type
were applied in Azerbaijan. Nail of European type worked out by local masters
was intact and covered toenail of a horse feet entirely. Holes opened along circle of
such horse-shoes admitted to fasten it to the horse toenail by special nails. Such an
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entire and flat horseshoes were preferred by local population till 70s of XIX
century. Beacause many positive features of the horseshoe accelerated its spread a
lot. So, this horseshoe covers the horse's toenail entirely, prevents influence of
harmful things and tiny stones, admitted free growth of horse's toenail. The shoe is
fastened to the horse feet so that nothing except air and water can penetrate into
there. These horseshoes differ from shoes of Europe for their nails' being pier
(usually 7-8 nails are worn on each horseshoe) and create suitable condition for te
horse's movement of the house on icy and slippery roads. Farriers usually use nails
of large hood (it was called “blunt-pointed nail”) during shoe of a horse. 24 nails
and 4 units of horsehoes were called “ifchins”, i.e. a herd of house. Such local nails
prepared of light iron were made in a wide form in heading, in a gradual thinner
form towards end. Head part of these nails is not broken while fastening the
horseshoe to toenail, it was simply twirled a while and kept in place. The ends of
these nails were piers and prevented a horse's slipping. A part of nails obtained
from archaeological excavations are nails used in handicraft of farrier.
Cheap horseshoes produced by manufactory and capitalist industry of
Russia were mass brought to Azerbaijan, it kept down and removed local
horseshoes, it even caused workshops produced horseshoes to fall into decay.
Horseshoes of European type were as a rule made as half-moon (arched), iron
fingers (one in each side) being pier were put in the end of the half-moon. There
was a hole in cavity of a half-moon towards inward to fasten nails. They usually
covered ends of toenail of horse feet and were long-termed for working. A
controversial moment appears on the spot. As we mentioned above, since
horseshoes of European types were mass spread in Azerbaijan after 70s of XIX
century, display of such a nail in XVIII century monument rises creates dual
thought, i.e. either a horseshoe belongs to late XIX century, or brought to
Shamakhi through transit trade in XVIII century.
Obtain of a donkey shoe from the area substantiates usage of it as transport
means. One of the horseshoes displayed from IV excavation site fits depiction of
European type horseshoes and intended for donkey's feet. Its length is 8 cenimeter,
width is 7 sm. Presence of nails on it proves their falling from the animal's feet.
Length of one of found horsehoes is 7, 5 sm, width is 7 sm. Nails over the
horseshoe were riveted despite fitting the size of donkey feet, i.e. not on the
animal's feet but on another material. Due to the nation's belief, a horseshoe was
placed on the top of the yard gates or under its feet to be protected from evil eye
and gain success (it is observed nowadays). Probably, a sample of horseshoe dealt
with was used for that reason.
A thing called “rotor” which was produced by blacksmiths is from the
things having a broad usage setting. It was primarily used to tie animals. Its top
part is worked out in the way that the string fastened to it did not become entangled
while the animal moved. Hammocks were preferred for practical importance for
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