Appendix 2-5: Rejected ecotox bibliography Excluded

Keywords: Environmental Studies--Toxicology And Environmental Safety
Keywords: Toxicology Abstracts English. Date revised - 2011-08-01. Last updated - 2011-11-07. DOI - OB-2a1dafc3-cbbb-4d9a-b32bmfgefd101; 15381366; 1687-8191; 1687-8205

688. Wise, Caroline; Van Steenwyk, Robert; Novotny, Lauren; Miller, Anthony, and Wise, Caroline. Infestation of Cherries by Spotted Wing Drosophila in Relation to Canopy Height and Evaluation of Cover/Trunk Applications of Malathion for Control of Swd. 2012 Jan 11.

Rec #: 2870
Keywords: ABSTRACT
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN
Abstract: Keywords: Infestation
Keywords: Wings
Keywords: Canopies
Keywords: Drosophila
Keywords: Malathion
Keywords: Prunus English. Date revised - 2013-02-26. Last updated - 2013-02-28. DOI - CPI-6119392; 6119392

689. Wismer, T. and Means, C. Toxicology of Newer Insecticides in Small Animals. 2012; 42, (2): 335-347.

Rec #: 1660
Keywords: REFS CHECKED,REVIEW
Call Number: NO REFS CHECKED (ACP,ADC,BOR,BRA3,CBL,CMPH,CPY,DDVP,DMT,DS,DZ,FPN,IMC,MLN,MOM,MTPN,NNCT,PFOS,PPX,PRT,PSM,SFA,TBO,TCF,TMP,TVP), NO REVIEW (ACP,ADC,BOR,BRA3,CBL,CMPH,CPY,DDVP,DMT,DS,DZ,FPN,IMC,MLN,MOM,MTPN,NNCT,PFOS,PPX,PRT,PSM,SFA,TBO,TCF,TMP,TVP)
Notes: Chemical of Concern: ACP,ADC,BOR,BRA3,CBL,CMPH,CPY,DDVP,DMT,DS,DZ,EPRN,FNTH,FPN,HMN,IDC,IMC,LUF,MLN,MOM,MTPN,PFOS,PPX,PRN,PRT,PSM,PYX,SFA,SS,TBO,TCF,TMP,TVP

690. Wolfe, N. L.; Zepp, R. G.; Gordon, J. A.; Baughman, G. L., and Cline, D. M. Kinetics of Chemical Degradation of Malathion in Water. 1977; 11, (1): 88-93.

Rec #: 1180
Keywords: CHEM METHODS
Call Number: NO CHEM METHODS (MLN)
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN

691. Wong-Ek, Krongkamol; Horprathum, Mati; Eiamchai, Pitak; Limnonthakul, Puenisara; Patthanasettakul, Viyapol; Chindaudom, Pongpan; Nuntawong, Noppadon, and Wong-Ek, Krongkamol. Portable Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Insecticide Detection Using Silver Nanorod Film Fabricated by Magnetron Sputtering. 2011; 7911.

Rec #: 6710
Keywords: CHEM METHODS
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN
Abstract: Abstract: In order to increase agricultural productivity, several countries heavily rely on deadly insecticides, known to be toxic to most living organisms and thus significantly affect the food chain. The most obvious impact is to human beings who come into contact, or even consume, pesticide-exposed crops. This work hence focused on an alternative method for insecticide detection at trace concentration under field tests. We proposed a compact Raman spectroscopy system, which consisted of a portable Raman spectroscope, and a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate, developed for the purpose of such application, on a chip. For the selected portable Raman spectroscope, a laser diode of 785 nm for excitation and a thermoelectric-cooled CCD spectrometer for detection were used. The affordable SERS substrates, with a structure of distributed silver nanorods, were however fabricated by a low-energy magnetron sputtering system. Based on an oblique-angle deposition technique, several deposition parameters, which include a deposition angle, an operating pressure and a substrate rotation, were investigated for their immediate effects on the formation of the nanorods. Trace concentration of organophosphorous chemical agents, including methyl parathion, chlorpyrifos, and malathion, adsorbed on the fabricated SERS substrates were analyzed. The obtained results indicated a sensitive detection for the trace organic analyses of the toxic chemical agents from the purposed portable SERS system.
Keywords: ENA 06:Food & Drugs
Keywords: Chlorpyrifos
Keywords: Insecticides
Keywords: Food chains
Keywords: Agricultural production
Keywords: Lasers
Keywords: Environment Abstracts
Keywords: Spectroscopy
Keywords: Silver
Keywords: Crops
Keywords: Malathion English. Date revised - 2012-01-01. Last updated - 2012-03-29. DOI - 994643b9-18ea-42aa-a9becsaobj201; 14591022; 0277-786X

692. Wu, R; Niu, M-F; Guo, Y; Wang, J; Zhao, M-Q; Shi, Y; Liu, Z-Y, and Wu, R. Survey and Analysis of Pesticide Contamination in Greenhouse. 2009 Jun 20; 28, (1): 130-134.

Rec #: 7560
Keywords: FATE
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN
Abstract: Abstract: Based on the retention time and characteristics of ion abundance ratio, a pretreatment to organic phosphorus pesticides (tradimefon, dimethoate, dichlorvos, quinalphos, phoxim, buprofezin, thimet, malathion and parathion), pyrethroid pesticides (chlorothalonil, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, Decamethrin K-othrin Decis Deltamethrin) combining with Foilosil column chromatograph and gas chromatography (GC) was adopted to detect pesticide residues of cucumbers and leaves in greenhouses of Liaoning. The results showed that the detection of types of organic phosphorus pesticides were not fixed, that was, pyrethroid pesticides that were detected was much stable. Organic phosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides that were detected in the leaves were slightly higher than that in the fruit, and the circumstances of detection at different times and in different greenhouses were slightly different. In view of the current status of pesticides application, we should be more attention to the use and regulation of organic phosphorus and the pyrethroid pesticides. Considering the highly toxic of organic phosphorus pesticide, we should advocate reduce or stop using organic phosphorus pesticides; To the pyrethroid pesticides, we should strengthen its role in the propaganda and the use of its control, at the same time, in order to avoid unnecessary pollution, it is necessary to control the dosage of pyrethroid pesticides.
Keywords: Contamination
Keywords: Pesticide residues
Keywords: Environmental regulations
Keywords: fruits
Keywords: dichlorvos
Keywords: quinalphos
Keywords: P 6000:TOXICOLOGY AND HEALTH
Keywords: Deltamethrin
Keywords: organic phosphorus
Keywords: Malathion
Keywords: cypermethrin
Keywords: Gas chromatography
Keywords: fenvalerate
Keywords: greenhouses
Keywords: Pollution Abstracts
Keywords: Pyrethroids
Keywords: dimethoate
Keywords: propaganda
Keywords: Parathion
Keywords: abundance English. Date revised - 2009-03-01. Last updated - 2011-12-14. DOI - MD-0009386803; 9071626; 1672-2043. SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Contamination; Pesticide residues; Environmental regulations; fruits; dichlorvos; quinalphos; Malathion; organic phosphorus; Deltamethrin; cypermethrin; Gas chromatography; fenvalerate; greenhouses; Pyrethroids; dimethoate; propaganda; Parathion; abundance

693. Xu, Fei; Yu, Wei-Jing; Sun, Da-Wen; Xu, Xue-Qin, and Hua, Tse-Chao. Performance comparison of free and immobilised chicken liver esterase inhibited by four different pesticides. 2008; 88, 2538-2542.

Rec #: 11510
Keywords: IN VITRO
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN
Abstract: Abstract: BACKGROUND: In enzyme inhibition-based biosensors for the detection of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, the biological element is the immobilised esterase which is inhibited selectively by the pesticides. The free chicken liver esterase, which possesses comparable inhibition response to the pesticides as AChE, has been reported. However, the responses to the pesticides are different between the free and immobilised enzyme due to the diffusion limitation. Therefore, in this study four typical pesticides were selected to compare the ability of free and (ion exchange) immobilised chicken enzyme for pesticide detection and reasons for the difference were investigated.RESULTS: For dichlorvos and malathion at a concentration of 0.1 mg L⁻¹, the inhibition of the immobilised enzyme was 26.98% and 48.72%, respectively, higher than that for the free enzyme, while the percentage inhibition of free and immobilised enzyme differed very little for trichlorfon at 0.1 mg L⁻¹. In the meantime, carbaryl at a concentration of 2.5 mg L⁻¹ showed a 17.72% inhibition for immobilised enzyme which was 13.64% higher than that for the free enzyme. The Michaelis constant of immobilised enzyme was lower than that of the free one and suitable pH values for the free and immobilised enzyme were 7.5 and 8.0, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity of chicken liver esterase to the pesticide inhibition could be improved by immobilisation. Smaller Km and a lower pH for the micro-environment of immobilised enzyme should result in higher percentage inhibition compared with that of the free enzyme.
Keywords: Internet resource
Number of Volumes: 14
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3377

694. Xu, R; Chen, Y, and Xu, R. Assessing Acute Ecological Risks of Organophosphorus Pesticides to Freshwater Organisms by Species Sensitivity Distributions. 2012 Nov; 24, (6): 811-821.

Rec #: 5590
Keywords: REVIEW
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN
Abstract: Abstract: Species sensitivity distributions (SSD) method was used to assess the acute ecological risk of four commonly-used organophosphorus pesticides (diazinon, parathion, fenitrothion and malathion) to freshwater organisms. The acute toxicity data (LC sub(50)) were collected from ECOTOX database and SSD curves were fitted based on Burrlll function. The acute ecological risks of the organophosphorus pesticides and the sensitivity of vertebrate and invertebrate (including fish, crustaceans, insects and spiders) to these pesticides were compared by the hazardous concentrations for 5% of the species (HC5) and the potential affected fraction (PAF). The joint ecological risks of the organophosphorus pesticides in the Yellow River, Jiulongjiang River, and Wuxiaochuan River were also analyzed. The following results were obtained: 1) by comparing the HC5 and PAF values, the toxicities and ecological risks of the organophosphorus pesticides to invertebrates were significantly higher than those to vertebrates, and the largest toxicities and ecological risks were found to crustaceans, while the minimum to fish. 2) It was found by comparing the SSD curves that, in case of the log-transformed concentration less than 3.5 mu g/L, the ecological risks of four organophosphorus pesticides to invertebrates were significantly higher than those to vertebrates; on the contrary, in case of the log-transformed concentration larger than 4.5 mu g/L, those to vertebrates were higher. 3) In the vast majority of exposure concentrations, invertebrates were more sensitive to the organophosphate pesticides than vertebrates. Under lower exposure concentrations, crustaceans were more sensitive to the organophosphate pesticides; while, under higher exposure concentrations, insects and spiders were more sensitive. 4) The PAFs and multisubstance PAFs (msPAFs) of parathion and malathion to the freshwater organisms in the Yangtze River, Jiulongjiang River, and Wuxiaochuan Kiver were less than 0.5%, which imply that their ecological risks were very low.
Keywords: Q5 01503:Characteristics, behavior and fate
Keywords: China, People's Rep., Changjiang R.
Keywords: Organophosphates
Keywords: M3 1010:Issues in Sustainable Development
Keywords: Invertebrates
Keywords: Freshwater
Keywords: Toxicity tests
Keywords: China, People's Rep., Huang He R.
Keywords: Risks
Keywords: SW 5010:Network design
Keywords: Organophosphorus Pesticides
Keywords: Agricultural Chemicals
Keywords: Exposure
Keywords: R2 23050:Environment
Keywords: Aquatic insects
Keywords: Pollution indicators
Keywords: Rivers
Keywords: Sensitivity
Keywords: P 2000:FRESHWATER POLLUTION
Keywords: AQ 00008:Effects of Pollution
Keywords: Pollution Abstracts; Risk Abstracts; ASFA 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality; Aqualine Abstracts; Water Resources Abstracts; Sustainability Science Abstracts
Keywords: Toxicity
Keywords: Insects
Keywords: Risk
Keywords: Bioaccumulation
Keywords: Water Pollution Effects
Keywords: Pesticides
Keywords: Freshwater organisms
Keywords: Fish
Keywords: Mortality causes
Keywords: Crustaceans Chinese. Date revised - 2012-12-01. Last updated - 2013-05-06. DOI - MD-0020205836; 17477255; 1003-5427. SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Bioaccumulation; Pesticides; Freshwater organisms; Toxicity; Aquatic insects; Pollution indicators; Toxicity tests; Risks; Mortality causes; Sensitivity; Organophosphates; Fish; Invertebrates; Insects; Crustaceans; Rivers; Risk; Agricultural Chemicals; Organophosphorus Pesticides; Exposure; Water Pollution Effects; China, People's Rep., Changjiang R.; China, People's Rep., Huang He R.; Freshwater

695. Yadav, A. K. and Akla, B. P. Effects of Organophosphates on the Biochemical Constituents of Channa punctatus. Department of Zoology, D.C. College, Hajipur, Bihar, India//: 2002; 5, (3-4): 139-142.

Rec #: 930
Keywords: NO SOURCE
Call Number: NO SOURCE (MLN)
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN

696. Yang, M; Xu, X; Gui, W; Zhu, G; Qin, L, and Yang, M. Removal Effect of Six Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Brassica Chinensis and Cucumbers by Ozone Water. 2013 Feb; 15, (1): 85-90.

Rec #: 2400
Keywords: CHEM METHODS
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN
Abstract: Abstract: Removal effect of six organophosphorus pesticide residues in cucumbers and Brassica chinensis L. by ozone water was investigated. The results showed that the removal effect by ozone water was better than that by tap-water. With ozone for 30 min, total removal rates of acephate, diazinon, malathion, chlorpyrifos, quintiofos and triazophos on B. chinensis and cucumbers were 26.4%-65.2% and 22.7%-75.4%, respectively. And net removal rates of them were 6.8%-17.3% and 4.4%-45.4%, respectively. The study on the degradation rate of six pesticides in ozone water was indicated that the removal efficiency of pesticide residues by ozone was relevant to the species of fruits or vegetables, the treating time of ozone and the types of residue.
Keywords: Chlorpyrifos
Keywords: Brassica chinensis
Keywords: Fruits
Keywords: Degradation
Keywords: P 0000:AIR POLLUTION
Keywords: Pesticide residues
Keywords: Pesticides
Keywords: Drinking water
Keywords: Pollution Abstracts
Keywords: Diazinon
Keywords: Malathion
Keywords: Ozone Chinese. Date revised - 2013-04-01. Last updated - 2013-04-19. DOI - MD-0020580296; 17790095; 1008-7303. SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Chlorpyrifos; Fruits; Degradation; Pesticide residues; Pesticides; Drinking water; Diazinon; Malathion; Ozone; Brassica chinensis

697. Yang, X.; Zhang, H.; Liu, Y.; Wang, J.; Zhang, Y. C.; Dong, A. J.; Zhao, H. T.; Sun, C. H., and Cui, J. Multiresidue method for determination of 88 pesticides in berry fruits using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatographyÇômass spectrometry: Determination of 88 pesticides in berries using SPE and GCÇôMS. 2011 Jul 15-; 127, (2): 855-865.

Rec #: 1550
Keywords: CHEM METHODS
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN
Abstract: A method using solid phase extraction (SPE) cleanup followed by gas chromatographyÇômass spectrometry (GCÇôMS) has been established for quantitative determination of 88 pesticide residues in berry fruits including raspberry, strawberry, blueberry and grape. Based on an appraisal of the characteristics of GCÇôMS, validation experiments were conducted for 88 pesticides. In the method, solid-phase extraction was carried out using Envi-Carb cartridge coupled with NH2-LC cartridge with acetonitrileÇôtoluene (3:1, v/v) as the eluted solvent. In the linear range of each pesticide, the correlation coefficient was R2 _+ 0.99. At the low, medium and high three fortification levels of 0.05Çô0.5 mg kgêÆ1, recoveries fell within 63Çô137%. The relative standard deviation was between 1% and 19% for all 88 pesticides. Low limits of detection (0.006Çô0.05 mg kgêÆ1) and quantification (0.02Çô0.15 mg kgêÆ1) were readily achieved with this method for all tested pesticides. Pesticides/ Multi-residue analysis/ Berry fruits/ SPE/ GCÇôMS/ Validation http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814611000823

698. Yang, Y.; Gu, D. Y.; Aisa, H. A., and Ito, Y. Studies on the effect of column angle in centrifugal helix counter-current chromatography. 2010; 1217, 2117-2122.

Rec #: 16560
Keywords: CHEM METHODS
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN
Abstract: Abstract: The performance of the coiled column of centrifugal counter-current chromatography was investigated by changing the angle between column axis and centrifugal force in the separation of dipeptides or DNP-amino acids each with suitable two-phase solvent systems. In general, retention of the stationary phase (Sf) decreased, and peak resolution (Rs) increased as the column angle was increased. The first series of experiments was performed using a polar two-phase solvent system composed of 1-butanol acetic acid water (4:1:5, v/v/v) to separate two dipeptide samples, Trp-Tyr and Val-Tyr, at a flow rate of 1 ml/min at 1000 rpm. When the column angle was changed from 0 degrees to 90 degrees. Rs increased from 1.05 (Sf = 60.1%) to 1.17 (Sf = 38.7%) with the lower phase mobile and from 1.02 (Sf = 67.8%) to 1.14 (Sf = 47.4%) with the upper phase mobile, respectively. The second series of experiments was similarly performed with a more hydrophobic two-phase solvent system composed of hexane ethyl acetate methanol-0.1 M hydrochloric acid (1:1:1:1, v/v/v/v) to separate three DNP-amino acids. DNP-glu, DNP-beta-ala and DNP-ala, at a flow rate of 1 ml/min at 1000 rpm. When the column angle was changed from 0 degrees to 90 degrees. Rs increased from 1.38 (1st peak/2nd peak) and 1.20 (2nd peak/3rd peak) (Sf = 61.1%) to 1.66 and 1.45 (Sf= 34.4%) with the lower phase mobile and from 1.14 and 0.63 (Sf = 72.2%) to 1.53 and 0.87 (Sf = 51.1%) with the upper phase mobile, respectively. The overall results of our studies indicate that increasing the column angle against the radially acting centrifugal force enhances the mixing of two phases in the column to improve the peak while decreasing the stationary phase retention by interrupting the laminar flow of the mobile phase. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Number of Volumes: 14
ISI Document Delivery No.: 578HZ ://CCC:000276285600006

699. Yang, Zhong-Hua; Liu, Yu; Lu, Yue-Le; Wu, Tong; Zhou, Zhi-Qiang, and Liu, Dong-Hui. Dispersive suspended microextraction. 2011 Nov 14-; 706, (2): 268-274.

Rec #: 2020
Keywords: CHEM METHODS
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN
Abstract: A novel sample pre-treatment technique termed dispersive suspended microextraction (DSME) coupled with gas chromatography-flame photometric detection (GC-FPD) has been developed for the determination of eight organophosphorus pesticides (ethoprophos, malathion, chlorpyrifos, isocarbophos, methidathion, fenamiphos, profenofos, triazophos) in aqueous samples. In this method, both extraction and two phasesÇÖ separation process were performed by the assistance of magnetic stirring. After separating the two phases, 1 ++L of the suspended phase was injected into GC for further instrument analysis. Varieties of experiment factors which could affect the experiment results were optimized and the following were selected: 12.0 ++L p-xylene was selected as extraction solvent, extraction speed was 1200 rpm, extraction time was 30 s, the restoration speed was 800 rpm, the restoration time was 8 min, and no salt was added. Under the optimum conditions, limits of detections (LODs) varied between 0.01 and 0.05 ++g LêÆ1. The relative standard deviation (RSDs, n = 6) ranged from 4.6% to 12.1%. The linearity was obtained by five points in the concentration range of 0.1Çô100.0 ++g LêÆ1. Correlation coefficients (r) varied from 0.9964 to 0.9995. The enrichment factors (EFs) were between 206 and 243. In the final experiment, the developed method has been successfully applied to the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in wine and tap water samples and the obtained recoveries were between 83.8% and 101.3%. Compared with other pre-treatment methods, DSME has its own features and could achieve satisfied results for the analysis of trace components in complicated matrices. Organophosphorus pesticides/ Dispersive suspended microextraction/ Gas chromatography/ Wine/ Tap water http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003267011012098

700. Yarpuz-Bozdogan, N. and Bozdogan, A. M. Assessment of dermal bystander exposure in pesticide applications using different types of nozzles. 2009; 7, 678-682.

Rec #: 16580
Keywords: HUMAN HEALTH
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN
Abstract: Abstract: In pesticide applications, pesticide deposition on off-target can be reduced by using appropriate nozzles. In this study, the effects of different types of nozzles were investigated pesticide deposition on bystander to malathion. The application rate of trials was 200 1 ha(-1). In the trials, the hollow cone nozzles (HC), the flat fan nozzles (F), and the low-drift flat fan nozzles (LD) were used. Malathion was applied as 0.570 kg a.i. per ha in the trials. The dermal bystander exposure was measured by using the whole body dosimetry technique. In the trials, the total body area of bystander overalls was approximately 2 m(2). All chromatographic analysis was performed on gas chromatography with equipped a nitrogen-phosphorus detector (GC-NPD). Pesticide deposition found in each one of the body parts in F-nozzles was higher than LD and HC nozzles. The lowest pesticide deposition on bystander was found in LD nozzles. Totally, the lowest dermal deposition was obtained as 5.972 mu g kg(-1) in LD nozzles, and was found to be 1.27-1.88 orders of magnitude lower than in HC nozzles and F nozzles. It was shown that, in this study, the total bystander exposure can be reduced 21.3-46.8% by using low drift nozzles in pesticide applications.
Number of Volumes: 2
ISI Document Delivery No.: 447LM ://CCC:000266192600125

701. Yarzhombek, A. A.; Mikulin, A. E., and Zhdanova, A. N. Toxicity of Substances in Relation to Form of Exposure. 1991; 31, (3): 496-502(RUS).

Rec #: 1300
Keywords: NON-ENGLISH
Call Number: NON-ENGLISH (1Major ions,CuS,ETHN,Halides,IODN,MLN,NaBr,NaCl,NaOH,TCF)
Notes: Chemical of Concern: CdAC,CuS,ETHN,Halides,IODN,K2Cr2O7,KOH,MLN,MoNa,NaBr,NaCl,NaOH,PL,TCF

702. Yeh, Yu-Sing; Yang, Kai-Chun; Wang, Jing-Yao; Li, Yan-Chay; Huang, Ke-Nung; Young, Ming-Shing, and Yeh, Yu-Sing. The Study of a Microscopy Image Processing Method Apply on the Paramecium Activity Influenced by Malathion. 2009 Dec 9.

Rec #: 4500
Keywords: ABSTRACT
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN
Abstract: Keywords: Microscopy
Keywords: U 7000:Multidisciplinary
Keywords: Paramecium
Keywords: Image processing
Keywords: Malathion English. Date revised - 2010-04-06. Last updated - 2010-05-03. DOI - CPI-5618342; 5618342

703. Yeragi, S. G.; Yeragi, S. S., and Koli, V. A. Acute and Chronic Effects of Pesticide Malathion on Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) in Certain Tissues of the Marine Crab, Uca marionis (Des). K. J. Somaiya College of Science, Vidyavihar, Mumbai 400 077, India//: 2002; 5, (3/4): 129-132.

Rec #: 940
Keywords: NO SOURCE
Call Number: NO SOURCE (MLN)
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN

704. Yiin, James H; Ruder, Avima M; Stewart, Patricia a; Waters, Martha a; Carreon, Tania; Butler, Mary Ann; Calvert, Geoffrey M; Davis-King, Karen E; Schulte, Paul a; Mandel, Jack S; Morton, Roscoe F; Reding, Douglas J; Rosenman, Kenneth D, and Yiin, James H. The Upper Midwest Health Study: a Case-Control Study of Pesticide Applicators and Risk of Glioma. 2012; 11, (1): 39.

Rec #: 5960
Keywords: HUMAN HEALTH
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN
Abstract: Abstract: Background: An excess incidence of brain cancer in farmers has been noted in several studies. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health developed the Upper Midwest Health Study (UMHS) as a case-control study of intracranial gliomas and pesticide uses among rural residents. Previous studies of UMHS participants, using "ever-never" exposure to farm pesticides and analyzing men and women separately, found no positive association of farm pesticide exposure and glioma risks. The primary objective was to determine if quantitatively estimated exposure of pesticide applicators was associated with an increased risk of glioma in male and female participants. Methods: The study included 798 histologically confirmed primary intracranial glioma cases (45 % with proxy respondents) and 1,175 population-based controls, all adult (age 18-80) non-metropolitan residents of Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. The analyses used quantitatively estimated exposure from questionnaire responses evaluated by an experienced industrial hygienist with 25 years of work on farm pesticide analyses. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) using unconditional logistic regression modeling were calculated adjusting for frequency-matching variables (10-year age group and sex), and for age and education (a surrogate for socioeconomic status). Analyses were separately conducted with or without proxy respondents. Results: No significant positive associations with glioma were observed with cumulative years or estimated lifetime cumulative exposure of farm pesticide use. There was, a significant inverse association for phenoxy pesticide used on the farm (OR 0.96 per 10 g-years of cumulative exposure, CI 0.93-0.99). No significant findings were observed when proxy respondents were excluded. Non-farm occupational applicators of any pesticide had decreased glioma risk: OR 0.72, CI 0.52-0.99. Similarly, house and garden pesticide applicators had a decreased risk of glioma: OR 0.79, CI 0.66-0.93, with statistically significant inverse associations for use of 2,4-D, arsenates, organophosphates, and phenoxys. Conclusions: These results are consistent with our previous findings for UMHS of reported farm pesticide exposure and support a lack of positive association between pesticides and glioma.