Appendix 2-5: Rejected ecotox bibliography Excluded

Aquatic risk assessment was based on the Risk Quotient (RQ = MEC/PNEC) deterministic method regarding three trophic levels: algae, aquatic invertebrates and fish. Non-acceptable risk for 10 compounds was observed when maximum concentrations were used. Compliance to EC environmental quality standards is also discussed. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Keywords: Agriculture
Keywords: Risk assessment
Keywords: Lakes
Keywords: Greece
Keywords: Drainage
Keywords: Pesticides
Keywords: Analytical chemistry
Keywords: Land use
Keywords: Environmental Studies English. Copyright - Copyright Taylor & Francis Group 2013. Last updated - 2013-05-24. DOI - 2978791241; 78995652; 105337; IJEA; INODIJEA0000712663. SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Greece

640. Thompson, Charles M; Prins, John M, and George, Kathleen M. Mass Spectrometric Analyses of Organophosphate Insecticide Oxon Protein Adducts. 2010 Jan; 118, (1): 11-9.

Rec #: 7200
Keywords: CHEM METHODS
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN
Abstract: Abstract: Organophosphate (OP) insecticides continue to be used to control insect pests. Acute and chronic exposures to OP insecticides have been documented to cause adverse health effects, but few OP-adducted proteins have been correlated with these illnesses at the molecular level. Our aim was to review the literature covering the current state of the art in mass spectrometry (MS) used to identify OP protein biomarkers. We identified general and specific research reports related to OP insecticides, OP toxicity, OP structure, and protein MS by searching PubMed and Chemical Abstracts for articles published before December 2008. A number of OP-based insecticides share common structural elements that result in predictable OP-protein adducts. The resultant OP-protein adducts show an increase in molecular mass that can be identified by MS and correlated with the OP agent. Customized OP-containing probes have also been used to tag and identify protein targets that can be identified by MS. MS is a useful and emerging tool for the identification of proteins that are modified by activated organophosphate insecticides. MS can characterize the structure of the OP adduct and also the specific amino acid residue that forms the key bond with the OP. Each protein that is modified in a unique way by an OP represents a unique molecular biomarker that with further research can lead to new correlations with exposure.
Keywords: Insecticides -- toxicity
Keywords: Organophosphorus Compounds -- analysis
Keywords: Animals
Keywords: Cholinesterases -- chemistry
Keywords: Cholinesterases
Keywords: Humans
Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence
Keywords: Environmental Pollutants -- analysis
Keywords: Insecticides -- analysis
Keywords: Environmental Studies
Keywords: Environmental Pollutants
Keywords: Environmental Monitoring
Keywords: Proteins -- drug effects
Keywords: Organophosphorus Compounds
Keywords: Cholinesterases -- drug effects
Keywords: Proteins -- chemistry
Keywords: Insecticides
Keywords: Molecular Sequence Data
Keywords: Environmental Exposure
Keywords: Mass Spectrometry -- methods
Keywords: Organophosphorus Compounds -- toxicity
Keywords: Proteins
Keywords: Biological Markers English. Copyright - Copyright National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Jan 2010. Last updated - 2013-02-24. DOI - 1943895611; 50348511; 67001; ENHP; 20056576; INODENHP0006208103. REFERENCES. Aardema MJ, MacGregor JT. 2002. Toxicology and genetic toxicology in the new era of "toxicogenomics": impact of "-omics" technologies. Mutat Res 499:13-25. Adam GC, Cravart BF, Sorensen EJ. 2001. Profiling the specific reactivity of the proteome with non-directed activity-based probes. Chem Biol 8:81-95. Adam GC. Sorensen EJ, Cravatt BF. 2002. Trifunctional chemical probes for the consolidated detection and identification of enzyme activities from complex proteomes. MoI Cell Proteomics 1:828-835. Adamczyk M, Gebier JC, Wu J. 2001. Selective analysis of phosphopeptides within a protein mixture by chemical modificaiion, reversible biotinylation and mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 15:1481-1488. Albuquerque EX, Aracava Y, Cintra WM. Brossi A, Schonenberger B, Deshpande SS. 1988. Structure-activity relationship of reversible Cholinesterase inhibitors: activation, channel blockade and stereospecificity of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-ion channel complex. Braz J Med Biol Res 21:1173-1196. Arima H, Sobue K, So M, Morishima T, Ando H, Katsuya H. 2003. Transient and reversible parkinsonism after acute organophosphate poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41:67-70. Ashani Y, Gentry MK, Doctor BP. 1990. Differences in conformational stabilty between native and phosphorylated acetylcholinesterase as evidenced by a monoclonal antibody. Biochemistry 29:2456-2463. Ashani Y, Leader H, Rothschild N, Dosoretz C. 1998. Combined effect of organophosphorus hydrolase and oxime on the reactivation rate ol aiethYlphosphoryl-acetvlcholinesterase conjugates. Biochem Pharmacol 55:159-168. Ashani Y, Radie Z, Tsigelny I, Vellom DC, Pickering NA, Quinn DM, et al, 1995. Amino acid residues controlling reactivation of organophosphonyl conjugates of acetylcholinesterase by mono- and bisquaternary oximes. J Biol Chem 270:6370-6380. Ballantyne B, MarrsT. 1992. Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Organophosphates and Carbamates. Boston:Butterworth Heinemann. Barak R, Ordentlich A, Barak D, Fischer M, Benschop HP, De Jong LPA, et al. 1997. Direct determination of the chemical composition of acetylcholinesterase phosphonylation products utilizing electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry. FEBS Lett 407:347-352. Barr DB, Allen R, Olsson AO. Bravo R. Caltabiano LM. Montesano A, et al. 2005. Concentrations of selective metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides in the United States population. Environ Res 99:314-326. Bennett KL. Stensballe A, Podtelejnikov AV. Moniatte M, Jensen ON. 2002. Phosphopeptide detection and sequencing by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 37:179-190. Berkman CE, Quinn DA, Thompson CM. 1993a. Interaction of acetylcholinesterase with the enantiomers of malaoxon and isomalathion. Chem Res Toxicol 6:724-730. Berkman CE, Ryu S, Quinn DA, Thompson CM. 1993b. Kinetics of the postinhibitory reactions of acetylcholinesterase poisoned by chira! isomalathion: a surprising nonreactivation induced by the RP stereoisomers. Chem Res Toxicol 6:28-32. Berkman CE. Thompson CM, Perrin SR. 1993c. Synthesis, absolute configuration, and analysis of malathion, malaoxon, and isomalathion enantiomers. Chem Res Toxicol 6:718-723. Bomser J, Casida JE. 2000. Activation of extracellular signalregulated kinases (ERK 44/42) by chlorpyrifos oxon in Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biochem MoI Toxicol 14:346-353. Bomser JA, Casida JE. 2001. Diethylphosphorylation of rat cardiac M2 muscarinic receptor by chlorpyrifos oxon in vitro. Toxicol Lett 119:21-26. Bomser JA, Quistad GB, Casida JE. 2002. Chlorpyrifos oxon potentiates diacylglycerol-induced extracellular signalregulated kinase (ERK 44/42) activation, possibly by diacylglycerol lipase inhibition. Toxicol Appi Pharmacol 178:29-36. Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR Jr, Green JL, Rumack BH, Heard SE. 2008. 2007 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System INPDSI: 25th annual report Clin Toxicol IPhila) 46:927-1057. Broomfield CA, Millard CB, Lockridge 0, Caviston TL. 1995. Enzymes of the Cholinesterase Family. New York:Plenum Press. Casida JE, Quistad GB. 2005. Serine hydrolase targets of organophosphorus toxicants. Chem Biol Interact 157-158:277-283. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2005. Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Available: rtttp://wwvii. coc.gov/exposurereport/ pdf/thirdreportpdf [accessed 17 November 2009). Claudio L, Kwa WC, Russell AL, Wailinga D. 2000. Testing methods for developmental neurotoxicity of environmental chemicals. Toxicol Appi Pharmacol 164:1-14. Corrigan FM, MacDonald S, Brown A, Armstrong K, Armstrong EM. 1994. Neurasthenic fatigue, chemical sensitivity and GABAa receptor toxins. Med Hypotheses 43:195-200. Costa LG. 1998. Neurotoxicity testing: a discussion of in vitro alternatives. Environ Health Perspect 106(suppl 21:505-510. Costa LG. 2006. Current issues in organophosphate toxicology. Clin Chim Acta 366:1-13. Costa LG, Cole TB, Vftalone A, Furlong CE. 2005. Measurement of paraoxonase (PONI) status as a potential biomarker of susceptibility to organophosphate toxicity. Clin Chim Acta 352:37-47. Costa LG, Richter RJ, Li WF, Cole T1 Guizzetti M, Furlong CE. 2003. Paraoxonase (PON 1) as a biomarker of susceptibility for organophosphate toxicity. Biomarkers 8:1-12. Dahlgren JG, Takhar HS, Ruffalo CA, Zwass M. 2004. Health effects of diazinon on a family. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42:579-591. Ding SJ, Carr J, Carlson JE, Tong L, Xue W, U Y, et al. 2008. Five tyrosines and two serines in human albumin are labeled by the organophosphorus agent FP-biotin. Chem Res Toxicol 21:1787-1794, Doom JA, Gage DA, Schall M, Talley TT, Thompson CM, Richardson RJ. 2000. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by (lS,3S)-isomalathion proceeds with loss of thiomethyl: kinetic and mass spectral evidence for an unexpected primary leaving group. Chem Res Toxicol 13:1313-1320. Doorn JA, Schall M, Gage DA, Talley TT. Thompson CM, Richardson RJ. 2001a. Identification of butyrylcholinesterase adducts after inhibition with isomalathion using mass spectrometry: difference in mechanism between URI- and (IS)-stereoisomers. Toxicol Appi Pharmacol 176:73-80. Doorn JA, Talley TT, Thompson CM, Richardson RJ. 2001b. Probing the active sites of butyrylcholinesterase and cholesterol esterase with isomalathion: conserved stereoselective inactivation of serine hydrolases structurally related to acetylcholinesterase. Chem Res Toxicol 14:807-813. Ehrich M, lntropido L, Costa LG. 1994. Interaction of organophosphorus compounds with muscarinic receptors in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. J Toxicol Environ Health 43:51-63. Eldefrawi ME, Eldefrawi AT. 1983. Neurotransmitter receptors as targets for pesticides. J Environ Sci Health B 18:65-88. Elhanany E. Ordentlich A, Dgany 0, Kaplan D, Segali Y, Barak R, et al. 2001. Resolving pathways of interaction of covalent inhibitors with the active site of acetylcholinesterases: MALDI-TOF/MS analysis of various nerve agent phosphyl adducts. Chem Res Toxicol 14:912-918. Ellman GL Courtney KD, Andres V Jr. Feather-Stone RM. 196). A new and rapid colorimetrie determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem Pharmacol 7:88-95. Eskenazi B, Marks AR, Bradman A, Harley K, Barr DB, Johnson C, et al. 2007. Organophosphate pesticide exposure and neurodevelopment in young Mexican-American children Environ Health Perspect 115:792-798. Eto M. 1974. Organophosphorus Pesticides; Organic and Biological Chemistry. Cleveland, OH:CRC Press. Fenske RA. Kissel JC. Lu C. Kaiman DA. Simcox NJ, Allen EH, et al. 2000. Biologically based pesticide dose estimates for children in an agricultural community. Environ Health Perspect 108:515-520. Fest C, Schmidt KJ. 1973. The Chemistry of Organopriosphorüs Pesticides; Reactivity, Synthesis, Mode of Action, Toxicology. New York:Sprmger Verlag. Fukuto TR. 1990. Mechanism of action of organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. Environ Health Perspect 87:245-254. Godovac-Zimmermann J, Soskic V, Poznanovic S, Brianza F. 1999. Functional proteomics of signal transduction by membrane receptors. Electrophoresis 20:952-961. Goldman LR, Koduru S. 2000. Chemicals in the environment and developmental toxicity to children: a public health and policy perspective. Environ Health Perspect 108(suppl 3):443-448. Gordon C. 1993. Acute and delayed effects of thisopropylfluorophosphate on body temperature, heart rate, and motor activity in the awake, unrestrained rat. J Toxic Environ Health 39:247-260. Grigoryan H, Schopfer LM, Thompson CM, Terry AV, Masson P, Lockridge O. 2008. Mass spectrometry identifies covalent binding of soman, sarin, chlorpyrifos oxon, dlisopropyl fluorophosphate, and FP-biotin to tyrosines on tubulin: a potential mechanism of long term toxicity by organophosphorus agents. Chem Biol Interact 175:180-186. Haas R, Jackson B, Reinhold B. Foster J, Rosenberry T. 1996. Glycolnositol phospholipid anchor and protein C-terminus of bovine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase: analysis by mass spectrometry and by protein and DNA sequencing. Biochem J 314:817-825. Haas R, Rosenberry T. 1995. Protein denaturation by addition and removal of acetonftrile: application to tryptic digestion of acetylcholinesterase. Anal Biochem 224:425-427. Harel M, Su CT, Frolow F, Ashani Y, Silman I, Sussman JL. 1991. Refined crystal structures of "aged" and "non-aged" organophosphoryl conjugates of gamma-chymotrypsin. J MoI Biol 221:909-918. Huff RA, Corcoran JJ, Anderson JK. Abou-Donia MB, 1994. Chlorpyrifos oxon binds directly to muscarinic receptors and inhibits cAMP accumulation in rat striatum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 269:329-335. Jacobson SW, Jacobson JL. 2006. New evidence of effects of organophosphate pesticides on neurodevelopment in children: commentary on the article by Kofman et al. on page 88. Pediatr Res 60:22-23. Jayawardane P, Dawson AH, Weerasinghe V, Karalliedde L, Buckley NA, Senanayake N. 2008. The spectrum of intermediate syndrome following acute organophosphate poisoning: a prospective cohort study from Sri Lanka. PLoS Med 5:el47; doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050147 [Online 15 July 2008). Jennings LL, Malecki M, Komives EA, Taylor P. 2003. Direct analysis of the kinetic profiles of organophosphate-acetyl· Cholinesterase adducts by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Biochemistry 42:1 1083-1 1091. Jiang X, Wang Y, 2004. Beta-elimination coupled with tandem mass spectrometry for the identification of in vivo and in vitro phosphorylation sites in maize dehydrin DHNl protein. Biochemistry 43:15567-15576. Johal MS, Sharma ML, Ravneet. 2007. Impact of low dose of organophosphate, monocrotophos on the epithelial cells of gills of Cyprinus carpio communis Linn. - SEM study. J Environ Biol 28:663-667. Kau L, Marquis J. 1992. Organophosphate-induced alteration in muscarinic receptor binding and phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the human SK-N-SH cell line. Neurotoxicology 13:365-378. Kidd D. Liu Y. Cravatt BF. 2001. Profiling serine hydrolase activities in complex proteomes. Biochemistry 40:4005-401 5. Kofman 0, Berger A, Massarwa A, Friedman A, Jaffar AA. 2006. Motor inhibition and learning impairments in school-aged children following exposure to organophosphate pesticides in infancy. Pediatr Res 60:88-92. Langenberg JP, De Jong LP, Otto MF, Benschop HP. 1988. Spontaneous and oxime-induced reactivation of acetylcholinesterase inhibited by phosphoramidates. Arch Toxicol 62:305-310. Lanks KW, Sele.nick MJ. 1981. Spontaneously reactivation of acetylcholinesterase inhibited by thisopropylfluorophosphate. Biochim Biophys Acta 660:91-95. Larsen MR, Sorensen GL, Fey SJ, Larsen PM, Roepstorff P. 2001. Phospho-proteomics: evaluation of the use of enzymatic de-phosphorylation and differential mass spectrometric peptide mass mapping for site specific phosphorylation assignment in proteins separated by gel electrophoresis. Proteomics 1:223-238. Li Y, Li M, Xing G, Hu Z, Wang Ü. Dong C. et al. 2000a. Stimulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and tyrosine phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor by hepatopoietin. J Biol Chem 275:37443-37447. Li Y, Liu L, Kang J, Sheng JG, Barger SW, Mrak RE. et al. 2000b. Neuronal-glial interactions mediated by interleukin-1 enhance neuronal acetylcholinesterase activity and mRNA expression. J Neurosci 20:149-155. Liu Y, Patricelli MP, Cravatt BF. 1999. Activity-based protein profiling: the serine hydrolases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:14694-14699. Lockridge 0, Masson P. 2000. Pesticides and susceptible populations: people with butyrylcholinesterase genetic variants may be at risk. Neurotoxicology 21:1 13-126. Lotti M, Becker CE, Aminoff MJ. 1984. Organophosphate polyneuropathy: pathogenesis and prevention. Neurology 34:658-662. Msnzies GW, MacConnell CB. 1998. Integrated Pest Management for Raspberries: A Guide for Sampling and Decision-Making for Key Raspberry Pests in Northwest Washington. Available: http://whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/comhort/nooksack/ipmweb/ Pesticideselection.html !accessed 17 November 2009]. Murray A, Rathbone A, Ray D. 2005. Novel protein targets for organophosphorus pesticides in rat brain. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 19:451-454. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 2009. PubMed. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ [accessed 17 November 2009]. Niven AS, Roop SA. 2004. Inhalational exposure to nerve agents. Respir Cere CHn N Am 10:59-74. Nomura DK, Durkin KA. Chiang KP. Quistad GB. Cravatt BF, Casida JE. 2006. Serine hydrolase KIAA1363: toxicological and structural features with emphasis on organophosphate interactions. Chem Res Toxicol 19:1142-1150. Noort D, Fidder A, van der Schans MJ, Hülst AG. 2006. Verification of exposure to organophosphates: generic mass spectrometric method for detection of human butyrylcholinesterase adducts. Anal Chem 78:6640-6644. Pala I, Vig PJ, Desaiah D, Srinivasan A. 1991. In vitro effects of organophosphorus compounds on calmodulin activity. J Appi Toxicol 11:391-395. Peeples ES, Schöpfer LM, Duysen EG, Spaulding R, Voelker T, Thompson CM, et al. 2005. Albumin, a new biomarker of organophosphorus toxicant exposure, identified by mass spectrometry. Toxicol Sci 83:303-312. Qian WJ, Goshe MB, Camp DG II, Yu LR, Tang K, Smith RD. 2003. Phosphoprotein isotope-coded solid-phase tag approach for enrichment and quantitative analysis of phosphopeptides from complex mixtures. Anal Chem 75:5441-5450. Quistad GB, Casida JE. 2000. Sensitivity of blood-clotting factors and digestive enzymes to inhibition by organophosphorus pesticides. J Biochem MoI Toxicol 14:51-56. Quistad GB, Sparks SE, Casida JE. 2001. Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition by neurotoxic organophosphorus pesticides. Toxicol Appi Pharmacol 173:48-55. Quistad GB, Zhang N, Sparks SE, Casida JE. 2000. Phosphoacetylcholinesterase: toxicity of phosphorus oxychloride to mammals and insects that can be attributed to selective phosphorylation of acetylcholinesterase by phosphorodichloridic acid. Chem Res Toxicol 13:652-657. Richards P, Johnson M, Ray D, Walker C. 1999. Novel protein targets for organophosphorus compounds. Chem Biof Interact 119-120:503-511. Roberts WL, Santikarn S. Reinhold VN, Rosenberry TL. 1988. Structural characterization of the glycoinositol phospholipid membrane anchor of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. J Biol Chem 263:18776-18784. Rowsey PJ, Gordon CJ. 1999. Tumor necrosis factor is involved in chlorpyrifos-induced changes in core temperature in the female rat. Toxicol Lett 109:51-59. Schopfer LM, Champion MM, Tamblyn N, Thompson CM, Lockridge 0. 2005a. Characteristic mass spectral fragments of the organophosphorus agent FP-biotin and FP-biotinylated peptides from trypsin and bovine albumin (Tyr410). Anal Biochem 345:122-132. Schopfer LM, Voelker T, Bartels CF, Thompson CM, Lockridge 0. 2005b. Reaction kinetics of biotinylated organophosphorus toxicant, FP-biotin, with human acetylcholinesterase and human butyrylcholinesterase. Chem Res Toxicol 18:747-754. Schuh RA, Lein PJ. Beckles RA, Jett DA. 2002. Noncholinesterase mechanisms of chlorpyrifos neurotoxicity: altered phosphorylation of Ca2+/cAMP response element binding protein in cultured neurons. Toxicol Appi Pharmacol 182:176-185. Sickmann A, Meyer HE. 2001. Phosphoamino acid analysis. Proteomics 1:200-206. Slotkin TA. 2004. Cholinergic systems in brain development and disruption by neurotoxicants: nicotine, environmental tobacco smoke, organophosphates. Toxical Appi Pharmacol 198:132-151. Slotkin TA, Ryde IT, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2008. Developmental neurotoxicity of low dose diazinon exposure of neonatal rats: effects on serotonin systems in adolescence and adulthood. Brain Res Bull 75:640-647. Solomon C, Poole J, Palmer KT, Peveler R, Coggon 0. 2007. Acute symptoms following work with pesticides. Occup Med (Lond) 57:505-511. Spaulding RS, George KM, Thompson CM. 2006. Analysis and sequencing of the active-site peptide from native and organophosphate-inactivated acetylcholinesterase by electrospray ionization, quadrupole/time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life ScI 830:105-113. Stephens R, Spurgeon A. Calvert IA, Beach J, Levy LS, Berry H, et al. 1995. Neuropsychological effects of long-term exposure to organophosphates in sheep dip. Lancet 345:1 135-1 139. Sudakin DL, Power LE. 2007. Organophosphate exposures in the United States: a longitudinal analysis of incidents reported to poison centers. J Toxicol Environ Health A 70:141-147. Sultatos LG. 1994. Mammalian toxicology of organophosphorus pesticides. J Toxicol Environ Health 43:271-289. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. 2007. PeptideCutter. Available: http://www.expasy.org/tools/peptidecutter/ [accessed 17 November 2009]. Thaler F, Valsasina B, Baldi R, Xie J, Stewart A, Isacchi A, et al. 2003. A new approach to phosphoserine and phosphothreonine analysis in peptides and proteins: chemical modification, enrichment via solid-phase reversible binding, and analysis by mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 376:366-373. Thompson CM, Fukuto TR. 1982. Mechanism of Cholinesterase inhibition by methamidophos. J Agrie Food Chem 30:282-284. Timofeeva OA, Roegge CS, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA, Levin ED. 2008. Persistent cognitive alterations in rats after early postnatal exposure to low doses of the organophosphate pesticide, diazinon. Neurotoxicol Teratol 30:38-45. Tseng HC, Ovaa H, Wei NJ, Ploegh H, Tsai LH. 2005. Phosphoproteomic analysis with a solid-phase capture-release-tag approach. Chem Biol 12:769-777. U.S. EPA. 2006. Organophosphorus Cumulative Risk Assessment (2006 Update). EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-061 8-0002. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/home. html#documentDetail?R=09000064801ac312 (accessed 17 November 2009]. van den Beukel I. van Kleef RG, Oortgiesen M. 1998. Differential effects of physostigmine and organophosphates on nicotinic receptors in neuronal cells of different species. Neurotoxicology 19:777-787. Ward TR, Ferris DJ. Tilson HA, Mundy WR. 1993. Correlation of the anticholinesterase activity of a series of organophosphates with their ability to compete with agonist binding to muscarinic receptors. Toxicol Appi Pharmacol 122:300-307. Ward TR, Mundy WR. 1996. Organophosphorus compounds preferentially affect second messenger systems coupled to M2/M4 receptors in rat frontal cortex. Brain Res Bull 39:49-55. Whyatt RM, Camann D, Perera FP, Rauh VA, Tang D, Kinney PL, et al. 2005. Biomarkers in assessing residential insecticide exposures during pregnancy and effects on fetal growth. Toxicol Appi Pharmacol 206:246-254. Whyatt RM, Rauh V, Barr DB, Camann DE. Andrews HF. Garfinkel R, et al. 2004. Prenatal insecticide exposures and birth weight and length among an urban minority cohort. Environ Health Perspect 112:1125-1132. Wieseler S, Schopfer L, Lockridge 0. 2006. Markers of organophosphate exposure in human serum. J MoI Netirosci 30:93-94. Wilson BW, Henderson JD. 1992. Blood esterase determinations as markers of exposure. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 128:55-69. Wilson BW, Hooper MJ, Hansen ME, Nieberg PS. 1992. Reactivation of organophosphorus inhibited AChE with oximes. In: Organophosphates: Chemistry, Fate, and Effects (Chambers JE, Levi PE, eds). San Diego, CA:Academic Press, 107-137. Wilson BW, Padilla S, Henderson JD, Brimijoin S, Dass PD. Elliot G, et al. 1996. Factors in standardizing automated Cholinesterase assays. J Toxicol Environ Health 48:187-195. Yanagisawa N, Morite H. Nakajima T. 2006. Sarin experiences in Japan: acute toxicity and long-term effects. J Neurol Sci 249:76-85. Young JG, Eskenazi B, Gladstone EA, Bradman A, Pedersen L, Johnson C. et al. 2005. Association between in utero organophosphate pesticide exposure and abnormal reflexes in neonates. Neurotoxicology 2..199-209. Zaim M. Jambulingam P. 2007. Global Insecticide Use for Vector-Borne Disease Control. Geneva:World Health Organization. Available: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/HQ/2007/ WHO_CDS_NTD_WH0PES_GCDPP_2007.2_eng.pdf [accessed 17 November 2009]. Zwiener RJ, Ginsburg CM. 1988. Organophosphate and carbamate poisoning in infants and children. Pediatrics 81:121-126. Aardema, MJ; MacGregor, J T. Toxicology and genetic toxicology in the new era of "toxicogenomics": impact of "-omics" technologies. MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS, 499. 1 (2002): 13-25. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. Adamczyk, M; Gebler, J C; Wu, J. Selective analysis of phosphopeptides within a protein mixture by chemical modification, reversible biotinylation and mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, 15. 16 (2001): 1481-1488. JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD. Adam, G C, Cravatt, B F 2001 "Profiling the specific reactivity of the proteome with non-directed activity-based probes" Chemistry & Biology 8 1 81-95. Adam, G C; Sorensen, E J; Cravatt, B F. Trifunctional chemical probes for the consolidated detection and identification of enzyme activities from complex proteomes. MOLECULAR & CELLULAR PROTEOMICS, 1. 10 (2002): 828-835. AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC. Albuquerque, E X; ARACAVA, Y; Cintra, Wm; Brossi, A; et al. STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP OF REVERSIBLE CHOLINESTERASE-INHIBITORS - ACTIVATION, CHANNEL BLOCKADE AND STEREOSPECIFICITY OF THE NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE-RECEPTOR ION CHANNEL COMPLEX. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH, 21. 6 (1988): 1173-1196. ASSOC BRAS DIVULG CIENTIFICA. Arima, Hajime; Sobue, Kazuya; So, MinHye; Morishima, Tetsuro; et al. Transient and reversible Parkinsonism after acute organophosphate poisoning. Journal of Toxicology - Clinical Toxicology, 41. 1 (2003): 67-70. Marcel Dekker Inc. Ashani, Y; Leader, H; Rothschild, N; Dosoretz, C. Combined effect of organophosphorus hydrolase and oxime on the reactivation rate of diethylphosphoryl-acetylcholinesterase conjugates. BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY, 55. 2 (1998): 159-168. PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. Ashani, Y.; Gentry, M.K.; Doctor, B.P. Differences in conformational stability between native and phosphorylated acetylcholinesterase as evidenced by a monoclonal antibody. Biochemistry, 29. 10 (1990): 2456-2463. Ashani, Y, Radić, Z 1995 "Amino acid residues controlling reactivation of organophosphonyl conjugates of acetylcholinesterase by mono- and bisquaternary oximes." Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 11 6370-6380. Ballantyne, B; Marrs, T C. Clinical and experimental toxicology of cyanides. Undefined (1987): 512 pp. Barak, R, Ordentlich, A 1997 "Direct determination of the chemical composition of acetylcholinesterase phosphonylation products utilizing electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry" FEBS Letters 407 3 347-352. BARR, Dana B.; ALLEN, Ruth; OLSSON, Anders O.; BRAVO, Roberto; et al. Concentrations of selective metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides in the United States population. Environmental research (New York, N.Y. : Print), 99. 3 (2005): 314-326. Elsevier. Bennett, Keiryn L.; Stensballe, Allan; Podtelejnikov, Alexandre V.; Moniatte, Marc; et al. Phosphopeptide detection and sequencing by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 37. 2 (2002): 179-190. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. BERKMAN, C. E.; THOMPSON, C. M.; PERRIN, S. R. Synthesis, absolute configuration, and analysis of malathion, malaoxon, and isomalathion enantiomers. Chemical research in toxicology, 6. 5 (1993): 718-723. American Chemical Society. Berkman, Ce; Ryu, S; Quinn, Da; Thompson, C M. KINETICS OF THE POSTINHIBITORY REACTIONS OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE POISONED BY CHIRAL ISOMALATHION - A SURPRISING NONREACTIVATION INDUCED BY THE RP STEREOISOMERS. CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY, 6. 1 (1993): 28-32. AMER CHEMICAL SOC. BERKMAN, C. E.; QUINN, D. A.; THOMPSON, C. M. Interaction of acetylcholinesterase with the enantiomers of malaoxon and isomalathion. Chemical research in toxicology, 6. 5 (1993): 724-730. American Chemical Society. Bomser, JA; Casida, JE. Diethylphosphorylation of rat cardiac M2 muscarinic receptor by chlorpyrifos oxon in vitro. TOXICOLOGY LETTERS, 119. 1 (2001): 21-26. ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD. Bomser, Joshua A.; Quistad, Gary B.; Casida, John E. Chlorpyrifos oxon potentiates diacylglycerol-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK 44/42) activation, possibly by diacylglycerol lipase inhibition. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 178. 1 (2002): 29-36. Academic Press Inc. Bomser, J, Casida, JE 2000 "Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK 44/42) by chlorpyrifos oxon in Chinese hamster ovary cells" Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology 14 6 346-353. 57) Bronstein M.D., A. C.; Spyker PH.D., D. A.; Cantilena JR, L. R.; Green PH.D., J. L.; Rumack M.D., B. H.; Giffin RN, S. L., 2008 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 26th Annual Report. Clinical Toxicology 2009, 47 (10), 911-1084. Broomfield CA, Millard CB, Lockridge O, Caviston TL. 1995. Enzymes of the Cholinesterase Family. New York:Plenum Press. Casida, John E.; Quistad, Gary B. Serine hydrolase targets of organophosphorus toxicants. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 157-158. (2005): 277-283. Elsevier Ireland Ltd. CDC. 2005. Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Atlanta, GA:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 355. Claudio, Luz; Kwa, Winston C.; Russell, Allison L.; Wallinga, David. Testing methods for developmental neurotoxicity of environmental chemicals. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 164. 1 (2000): 1-14. Academic Press Inc. CORRIGAN, F. M.; MACDONALD, S.; BROWN, A.; ARMSTRONG, K.; et al. Neurasthenic fatigue, chemical sensitivity and GABAa receptor toxins. Medical hypotheses, 43. 4 (1994): 195-200. Elsevier. Costa, L G; Cole, T B; Vitalone, A; Furlong, CE. Measurement of paraoxonase (PON1) status as a potential biomarker of susceptibility to organophosphate toxicity. CLINICA CHIMICA ACTA, 352. 1-2 (2005): 37-47. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. Costa, Lucio G. Neurotoxicity testing: A discussion of in vitro alternatives. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106. SUPPL. 2 (1998): 505-510. Costa, L G. Current issues in organophosphate toxicology. CLINICA CHIMICA ACTA, 366. 1-2 (2006): 1-13. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. Costa, L G; Richter, R J; Li, W-F; Cole, T; et al. Paraoxonase (PON 1) as a biomarker of susceptibility for organophosphate toxicity. Biomarkers, 8. 1 (2003): 1-12. Taylor & Francis Ltd., 11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE UK, [mailto:[e-mail]], [URL:http://www.tandf.co.uk]. Dahlgren, J.G.; Takhar, H.S.; Ruffalo, C.A.; Zwass, M. Health effects of diazinon on a family. Journal of Toxicology - Clinical Toxicology, 42. 5 (2004): 579-591. Marcel Dekker Inc. Ding, Shi-Jian; Carr, John; Carlson, James E.; Ton, Larry; et al. Five tyrosines and two serines in human albumin are labeled by the organophosphorus agent FP-biotin. CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY, 21. 9 (2008): 1787-1794. AMER CHEMICAL SOC. Doorn, JA; Gage, D H; Schall, M; Talley, T T; et al. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by (1S,3S)-isomalathion proceeds with loss of thiomethyl: Kinetic and mass spectral evidence for an unexpected primary leaving group. CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY, 13. 12 (2000): 1313-1320. AMER CHEMICAL SOC. Doorn, JA; Schall, M; Gage, DA; Talley, T T; et al. Identification of butyrylcholinesterase adducts after inhibition with isomalathion using mass spectrometry: Difference in mechanism between (1R)- and (1S)-stereoisomers. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY, 176. 2 (2001): 73-80. ACADEMIC PRESS INC. Doorn, JA; Talley, T T; Thompson, C M; Richardson, R J. Probing the active sites of butyrylcholinesterase and cholesterol esterase with isomalathion: Conserved stereoselective inactivation of serine hydrolases structurally related to acetylcholinesterase. CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY, 14. 7 (2001): 807-813. AMER CHEMICAL SOC. EHRICH, M.; INTROPIDO, L.; COSTA, L. G. Interaction of organophosphorus compounds with muscarinic receptors in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Journal of toxicology and environmental health, 43. 1 (1994): 51-63. Taylor & Francis. Eldefrawi, ME; Eldefrawi, A T; Eldefrawi, ME. Neurotransmitter receptors as targets for pesticides. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B: Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes, 18B. 1 (1983): 65-88. Elhanany, E; Ordentlich, A; Dgany, O; Kaplan, D; et al. Resolving pathways of interaction of covalent inhibitors with the active site of acetylcholinesterases: MALDI-TOF/MS analysis of various nerve agent phosphyl adducts. CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY, 14. 7 (2001): 912-918. AMER CHEMICAL SOC. ELLMAN, G.L.; COURTNEY, K.D.; ANDRES Jr., V.; FEATHER-STONE, R.M. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochemical pharmacology, 7. (1961): 88-95. Eskenazi, Brenda; Marks, Amy R.; Bradman, Asa; Harley, Kim; et al. Organophosphate pesticide exposure and neurodevelopment in young Mexican-American children. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115. 5 (2007): 792-798. Public Health Services, US Dept of Health and Human Services. Etō, Morifusa, [1930-]; Etō, Morifusa, [1930-] Organophosphorus pesticides Organic and biological chemistry. (1974): 387. CRC Press. Fenske, Richard A.; Kissel, John C.; Lu, Chensheng; Kalman, David A.; et al. Biologically based pesticide dose estimates for children in an agricultural community. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108. 6 (2000): 515-520. Public Health Services, US Dept of Health and Human Services. Fest, C; Schmidt, K J; Fest, C. The chemistry of organophosphorus pesticides. Reactivity, synthesis, mode of action, toxicology. The chemistry of organophosphorus pesticides. Reactivity, synthesis, mode of action, toxicology. (1973): x + 339 pp. Fukuto, T R. MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS AND CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, 87. (1990): 245-254. NATL INST ENVIRON HEALTH SCI. Godovac-Zimmermann, J; Soskic, V; Poznanovic, S; Brianza, F. Functional proteomics of signal transduction by membrane receptors. ELECTROPHORESIS, 20. 4-5 (1999): 952-961. WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. Goldman, Lynn R.; Koduru, Sudha. Chemicals in the environment and developmental toxicity to children: A public health and policy perspective. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108. SUPPL. 3 (2000): 443-448. Public Health Services, US Dept of Health and Human Services. GORDON, C. J. Acute and delayed effects of diisopropyl fluorophosphate on body temperature, heart rate, and motor activity in the awake, unrestrained rat. Journal of toxicology and environmental health, 39. 2 (1993): 247-260. Taylor & Francis. Grigoryan, Hasmik, Schopfer, Lawrence M. 2008 "Mass spectrometry identifies covalent binding of soman, sarin, chlorpyrifos oxon, diisopropyl fluorophosphate, and FP-biotin to tyrosines on tubulin: A potential mechanism of long term toxicity by organophosphorus agents" Chemico-Biological Interactions 175 1-3 180-186. Haas, Robert, Jackson, Brent C. 1996 "Glycoinositol phospholipid anchor and protein C-terminus of bovine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase: Analysis by mass spectrometry and by protein and DNA sequencing" Biochemical Journal 314 3 817-825. Haas, R, Rosenberry, T L 1995 "PROTEIN DENATURATION BY ADDITION AND REMOVAL OF ACETONITRILE - APPLICATION TO TRYPTIC DIGESTION OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE" Analytical Biochemistry 224 1 425-427. HAREL, M., SU, C.-T. 1991 "Refined crystal structures of aged and non-aged organophosphoryl conjugates of γ-chymotrypsin" Journal of Molecular Biology 221 3 909-918. HUFF, R. A.; CORCORAN, J. J.; ANDERSON, J. K.; ABOU-DONIA, M. B. Chlorpyrifos oxon binds directly to muscarinic receptors and inhibits cAMP accmulation in rat striatum. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 269. 1 (1994): 329-335. American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Jacobson, Sandra W.; Jacobson, Joseph L. New evidence of effects of organophosphate pesticides on neurodevelopment in children. PEDIATRIC RESEARCH, 60. 1 (2006): 22-23. INT PEDIATRIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC. Jayawardane, Pradeepa; Dawson, Andrew H; Weerasinghe, Vajira; Karalliedde, Lakshman; et al. The Spectrum of Intermediate Syndrome Following Acute Organophosphate Poisoning: A Prospective Cohort Study from Sri Lanka. PLOS Medicine, 5. 7 (2008): e147. Public Library of Science, 185 Berry Street. Jennings, Lori L.; Malecki, Michael; Komives, Elizabeth A.; Taylor, Palmer. Direct analysis of the kinetic profiles of organophosphate-acetylcholinesterase adducts by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Biochemistry, 42. 37 (2003): 11083-11091. American Chemical Society. Jiang, X Z; Wang, Y S. beta-elimination coupled with tandem mass spectrometry for the identification of in vivo and in vitro phosphorylation sites in maize dehydrin DHN1 protein. BIOCHEMISTRY, 43. 49 (2004): 15567-15576. AMER CHEMICAL SOC. Johal, M. S.; Sharma, M. L.; Ravneet. Impact of low dose of organophosphate, monocrotophos on the epithelial cells of gills of Cyprinus carpio communis Linn. - SEM study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY, 28. 3 (2007): 663-667. TRIVENI ENTERPRISES. Katz, L.S.; Marquis, J.K. Organophosphate-induced alterations in muscarinic receptor binding and phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the human SK-N-SH cell line. NeuroToxicology, 13. 2 (1992): 365-378. Kidd, D.; Liu, Y.; Cravatt, B.F. Profiling serine hydrolase activities in complex proteomes. Biochemistry, 40. 13 (2001): 4005-4015. American Chemical Society. Kofman, Ora; Berger, Andrea; Massarwa, Ali; Friedman, Alon; et al. Motor inhibition and learning impairments in school-aged children following exposure to organophosphate pesticides in infancy. PEDIATRIC RESEARCH, 60. 1 (2006): 88-92. INT PEDIATRIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC. LANGENBERG, J. P.; DE JONG, L. P. A.; OTTO, M. F.; BENSCHOP, H. P. Spontaneous and owime-induced reactivation of acetylcholinesterase inhibited by pghosphoramidates. Archives of toxicology, 62. 4 (1988): 305-310. Springer. Lanks, K.W.; Seleznick, M.J. Spontaneously reactivation of acetylcholinesterase inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate. Biochimica et biophysica acta, 660. 1 (1981): 91-95. Larsen, M R; Sorensen, G L; Fey, S J; Larsen, P M; et al. Phospho-proteomics: Evaluation of the use of enzymatic de-phosphorylation and differential mass spectrometric peptide mass mapping for site specific phosphorylation assignment in proteins separated by gel electrophoresis. PROTEOMICS, 1. 2 (2001): 223-238. WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. Li, Y K; Liu, L; Kang, J S; Sheng, J G; et al. Neuronal-glial interactions mediated by interleukin-1 enhance neuronal acetylcholinesterase activity and mRNA expression. JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, 20. 1 (2000): 149-155. SOC NEUROSCIENCE. Li, Y; Li, M; Xing, G C; Hu, Z Y; et al. Stimulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and tyrosine phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor by hepatopoietin. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, 275. 48 (2000): 37443-37447. AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC. Liu, Y S; Patricelli, M P; Cravatt, B F. Activity-based protein profiling: The serine hydrolases. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 96. 26 (1999): 14694-14699. NATL ACAD SCIENCES. Lockridge, O.; Masson, P. Pesticides and susceptible populations: People with butyrylcholinesterase genetic variants may be at risk. NeuroToxicology, 21. 1-2 (2000): 113-126. Intox Press Inc. LOTTI, M.; BECKER, C. E.; AMINOFF, M. J. Organophosphate polyneuropathy: pathogenesis and prevention. Neurology, 34. 5 (1984): 658-662. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Menzies GW, MacConnell CB. 1998. Integrated Pest Management for Raspberries: A Guide for Sampling and Decision-Making for Key Raspberry Pests in Northwest Washington. Available: http://whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/comhort/nooksack/ipmweb/Pesticideselection.html !accessed 17 November 2009]. Murray, A; Rathbone, A J; Ray, DE. Novel protein targets for organophosphorus pesticides in rat brain. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY, 19. 3 (2005): 451-454. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. National Center for Biotechnology Information, & U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2010). PubMed [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 2, 2010 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/. Niven AS, Roop SA. 2004. Inhalational exposure to nerve agents. Respir Care Clin N Am 10:59-74. Nomura, Daniel K.; Durkin, Kathleen A.; Chiang, Kyle P.; Quistad, Gary B.; et al. Serine hydrolase KIAA1363: Toxicological and structural features with emphasis on organophosphate interactions. CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY, 19. 9 (2006): 1142-1150. AMER CHEMICAL SOC. Noort, D.; Fidder, A.; Van Der Schans, M.J.; Hulst, A.G. Verification of exposure to organophosphates: Generic mass spectrometric method for detection of human butyrylcholinesterase adducts. Analytical Chemistry, 78. 18 (2006): 6640-6644. American Chemical Society. PALA, I.; VIG, P. J. S.; DESAIAH, D.; SRINIVASAN, A. In vitro effects of organophosphorus compounds on calmodulin activity. Journal of applied toxicology, 11. 6 (1991): 391-395. Wiley; Wiley; Wiley. Peeples, E S; Schopfer, L M; Duysen, E G; Spaulding, R; et al. Albumin, a new biomarker of organophosphorus toxicant exposure, identified by mass spectrometry. TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 83. 2 (2005): 303-312. OXFORD UNIV PRESS. Qian, Wei-Jun; Goshe, Michael B.; Camp II, David G.; Yu, Li-Rong; et al. Phosphoprotein Isotope-Coded Solid-Phase Tag Approach for Enrichment and Quantitative Analysis of Phosphopeptides from Complex Mixtures. Analytical Chemistry, 75. 20 (2003): 5441-5450. American Chemical Society. Quistad, G B, Casida, JE 2000 "Sensitivity of blood-clotting factors and digestive enzymes to inhibition by organophosphorus pesticides" Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology 14 1 51-56. Quistad, G B; Zhang, N J; Sparks, SE; Casida, JE. Phosphoacetylcholinesterase: Toxicity of phosphorus oxychloride to mammals and insects that can be attributed to selective phosphorylation of acetylcholinesterase by phosphorodichloridic acid. CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY, 13. 7 (2000): 652-657. AMER CHEMICAL SOC. Quistad, Gary B.; Sparks, Susan E.; Casida, John E. Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition by neurotoxic organophosphorus pesticides. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 173. 1 (2001): 48-55. Academic Press Inc. Richards, Paul; Johnson, Martin; Ray, David; Walker, Colin. Novel protein targets for organophosphorus compounds. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 119-120. (1999): 503-511. Elsevier Ireland Ltd. ROBERTS, W. L.; MYHER, J. J.; KUKSIS, A.; LOW, M. G.; et al. Lipid analysis of the glycoinositol phospholipid membrane anchor of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase: palmitoylation of inositol results in resistance to phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. The Journal of biological chemistry (Print), 263. 35 (1988): 18766-18775. American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Rowsey, P J; Gordon, C J. Tumor necrosis factor is involved in chlorpyrifos-induced changes in core temperature in the female rat. TOXICOLOGY LETTERS, 109. 1-2 (1999): 51-59. ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD. Schopfer, L M; Voelker, T; Bartels, C F; Thompson, C M; et al. Reaction kinetics of biotinylated organophosphorus toxicant, FP-biotin, with human acetylcholinesterase and human butyrylcholinesterase. CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY, 18. 4 (2005): 747-754. AMER CHEMICAL SOC. Schopfer, L M; Champion, M M; Tamblyn, N; Thompson, C M; et al. Characteristic mass spectral fragments of the organophosphorus agent FP-biotin and FP-biotinylated peptides from trypsin and bovine albumin (Tyr410) ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY, 345. 1 (2005): 122-132. ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE. Schuh, Rosemary A.; Lein, Pamela J.; Beckles, Rondell A.; Jett, David A. Noncholinesterase mechanisms of chlorpyrifos neurotoxicity: Altered phosphorylation of Ca2+/cAMP response element binding protein in cultured neurons. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 182. 2 (2002): 176-185. Elsevier. Sickmann, A; Meyer, HE. Phosphoamino acid analysis. PROTEOMICS, 1. 2 (2001): 200-206. WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. Slotkin, Theodore A.; Ryde, Ian T.; Levin, Edward D.; Seidler, Frederic J. Developmental neurotoxicity of low dose diazinon exposure of neonatal rats: Effects on serotonin systems in adolescence and adulthood. BRAIN RESEARCH BULLETIN, 75. 5 (2008): 640-647. PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. Slotkin, T A. Cholinergic systems in brain development and disruption by neurotoxicants: nicotine, environmental tobacco smoke, organophosphates. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY, 198. 2 (2004): 132-151. ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE. Solomon, Christine; Poole, Jason; Palmer, Keith T.; Peveler, Robert; et al. Acute symptoms following work with pesticides. Occupational Medicine, 57. 7 (2007): 505-511. Oxford University Press. Spaulding, Reggie S.; George, Kathleen M.; Thompson, Charles M. Analysis and sequencing of the active-site peptide from native and organophosphate-inactivated acetylcholinesterase by electrospray ionization, quadrupole/time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, 830. 1 (2006): 105-113. Elsevier. Stephens, Richard; Spurgeon, Anne; Calvert, Ian A.; Beach, Jeremy; et al. Neuropsychological effects of long-term exposure to organophosphates in sheep dip. Lancet, 345. 8958 (1995): 1135-1139. Sudakin, Daniel L.; Power, Laura E. Organophosphate exposures in the United States: A longitudinal analysis of incidents reported to poison centers. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A, 70. 2 (2007): 141-147. SULTATOS, L. G. Mammalian toxicology of organophosphorus pesticides. Journal of toxicology and environmental health, 43. 3 (1994): 271-289. Taylor & Francis. Thaler, F; Valsasina, B; Baldi, R; Jin, X; et al. A new approach to phosphoserine and phosphothreonine analysis in peptides and proteins: chemical modification, enrichment via solid-phase reversible binding, and analysis by mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, 376. 3 (2003): 366-373. SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN. Thompson, C M; Fukuto, T R. MECHANISM OF CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION BY METHAMIDOPHOS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY, 30. 2 (1982): 282-284. AMER CHEMICAL SOC. Timofeeva, Olga A.; Roegge, Cindy S.; Seidler, Frederic J.; Slotkin, Theodore A.; et al. Persistent cognitive alterations in rats after early postnatal exposure to low doses of the organophosphate pesticide, diazinon. NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY, 30. 1 (2008): 38-45. PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. Tseng, H C; Ovaa, H; Wei, NJC; Ploegh, H; et al. Phosphoproteomic analysis with a solid-phase capture-release-tag approach. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY, 12. 7 (2005): 769-777. CELL PRESS. U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2006a. Organophosphorus Cumulative Risk Assessment. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Pesticide Programs. van den Beukel, I; van Kleef, RGDM; Oortgiesen, M. Differential effects of physostigmine and organophosphates on nicotinic receptors in neuronal cells of different species. NEUROTOXICOLOGY, 19. 6 (1998): 777-787. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. WARD, T. R.; FERRIS, D. J.; TILSON, H. A.; MUNDY, W. R. Correlation of the anticholinesterase activity of a series of organophosphates with their ability to compete with agonist binding to muscarinic receptors. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 122. 2 (1993): 300-307. Elsevier. Ward, T R; Mundy, W R. Organophosphorus compounds preferentially affect second messenger systems coupled to M2/M4 receptors in rat frontal cortex. BRAIN RESEARCH BULLETIN, 39. 1 (1996): 49-55. PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. Whyatt, Robin M.; Rauh, Virginia; Andrews, Howard F.; Garfinkel, Robin; et al. Prenatal insecticide exposures and birth weight and length among an urban minority cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112. 10 (2004): 1125-1132. Public Health Services, US Dept of Health and Human Services. Whyatt, R M; Camann, D; Perera, F P; Rauh, V A; et al. Biomarkers in assessing residential insecticide exposures during pregnancy and effects on fetal growth. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY, 206. 2 (2005): 246-254. ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE. Wieseler, Stacy; Schopfer, Lawrence; Lockridge, Oksana. Markers of organophosphate exposure in human serum. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR NEUROSCIENCE, 30. 1-2 (2006): 93-94. HUMANA PRESS INC. Wilson, B W; Henderson, J D. BLOOD ESTERASE DETERMINATIONS AS MARKERS OF EXPOSURE. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, 128. (1992): 55-69. SPRINGER VERLAG. WILSON, B. W.; PADILLA, S.; HENDERSON, J. D.; BRIMIJOIN, S.; et al. Factors in standardizing automated cholinesterase assays. Journal of toxicology and environmental health, 48. 2 (1996): 187-196. Taylor & Francis. World Health Organization, Department for Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases. Global insecticide use for vector-borne disease control. (2009): World Health Organization. Yanagisawa, N.; Morita, H.; Nakajima, T. Sarin experiences in Japan: Acute toxicity and long-term effects. JOURNAL OF THE NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES, 249. 1 (2006): 76-85. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. YOUNG, Jessica G.; ESKENAZI, Brenda; GLADSTONE, Eleanor A.; BRADMAN, Asa; et al. Association between in utero organophosphate pesticide exposure and abnormal reflexes in neonates. Neurotoxicology (Park Forest South), 26. 2 (2005): 199-209. Elsevier. Zwiener, R J; Ginsburg, C M. ORGANO-PHOSPHATE AND CARBAMATE POISONING IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN. PEDIATRICS, 81. 1 (1988): 121-126. AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS

641. Thompson, Thomas S a Thomas Sthompson; Dimock, Rick a Rick Dimock; Bradbury, Robert W a Robert Wbradbury; Rieve, Richard a Richard Rieve; Fehr, Mark a Mark Fehr, and Dimock, Rick a Rick Dimock. Pesticides in Fresh Potatoes Sold in Farmers' Markets in Alberta, Canada. 2011 Nov; 87, (5): 580-585.