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April 22nd-28th 2023 Ukraine’s game planThe country’s populist economic model is bust. It should serve as a warning to Latin AmericaThe EconomistThe country’s populist economic model is bust. It should serve as a warning to Latin America
Bolivia
2028 government bond price, $
100
75
50
23
22
21
20
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2018
On the brink
Financial bedlam in Bolivia
I
n Sudan the
laws of war carry no more weight than the rules
of Quidditch. As two thuggish generals fight for power, civil
ians have been murdered, diplomats attacked and patients
evicted from a hospital so that soldiers can use it as a fortress.
The battle that began on April 15th could be the start of a full
scale civil war (see Middle East & Africa section). But another
way of looking at it is even gloomier. Sudan has endured a
kaleidoscope of civil wars for most of the time since indepen
dence in 1956. The mayhem this week illustrates an under
reported global calamity: the increasing duration of war.
The average ongoing conflict in the mid1980s had been blaz
ing for about 13 years; by 2021 that figure had risen to 20 (see
International section). Since the Arab spring in 2011 a new wave
of wars has begun and battle deaths have risen, bucking a long
trend towards greater global peace. The total death toll is hard to
measure. Most victims die not in battle itself but because war
makes them hungrier and less able to resist disease. By one esti
mate 600,000 people perished during Ethiopia’s recent crush
ing of the breakaway region of Tigray—more than in Ukraine—
partly because the government blocked aid to the starving. Glob
ally, the number of people forced to flee from their homes has
doubled in a decade, to roughly 100m. And even as the world
grows richer, conflict makes unlucky countries swiftly poorer.
One reason why wars are lasting longer is that they are grow
ing more complex. Most are civil wars in poor places. Many have
multiple belligerent groups, who must all be satisfied if peace is
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