Character for Leadership
57
(Cohen, Cohen, West, & Aiken, 2003). In addition to leader character traits, the
demographic variables related to ministry leadership experience (previous
vocational leadership experience and current weekly vocational leadership
involvement) were also loaded in the regression model
to explore the degree of
variance that could be attributed to them. Though the previous experience variable
was not specifically identified in the literature as a variable of interest, it is similar
in nature to that of current ministry leadership involvement and may therefore have
a similar effect on the dependent variable.
Backward regression analysis was performed in the first analysis to assess
the amount of variance accounted for in the dependent variable (visionary
leadership behaviors) by the independent variables (self-directedness,
cooperativeness, and self-transcendence). In backward regression analysis, all
independent variables are entered into the regression model and then those that do
not contribute significantly
to the regression equation, based on statistical analysis,
are removed from the model.
The results of this analysis demonstrate that of the three character trait
independent variables, only self-directedness and self-transcendence remained in
the model. Table 8 shows the combined effects of these two variables account for
31% of the variance in the dependent variable, visionary leadership behaviors (
R
2
=
.31), and multiple correlation of .55 of these two variables
with the dependent
variable.
Table 8: Regression Model – Character Traits
Model
R
R
2
F
df
1
df
2
p
1
.56
a
.32
15.07
3
97
.00
2
.55
b
.31
21.61
2
98
.00
a
Predictors: (constant), self-transcendence, self-directedness, cooperativeness.
b
Predictors: (constant), self-transcendence, self-directedness.
Furthermore, as shown by Table 9, variance in visionary leadership
behaviors is primarily attributed to self-directedness (ß = .23 for self-transcendence
Character for Leadership
58
and visionary leadership which is statistically significant though moderately
correlated), thus indicating the relative significance of the character trait self-
directedness.
Table 9: Regression Coefficients – Character Traits, Dependent Variable Visionary
Leadership
Unstandardized
coefficients
Standardized coefficients
Model
B
SE
ß
t
p
1
(Constant)
101.71
21.83
4.66
.00
Self-transcendence
1.40
.59
.21
2.39
.02
Cooperativeness
.90
.70
.13
1.29
.20
Self-directedness
1.32
.30
.45
4.41
.00
2
(Constant)
126.96
9.83
12.92
.00
Self-transcendence
1.58
.57
.23
2.77
.01
Self-directedness
1.54
.25
.53
6.22
.00
Forward stepwise regression analysis was used in a second analysis to
assess the effects of ministry leadership on visionary leadership
behaviors of study
participants. In stepwise regression, entry of the variables into the regression model
is done statistically based on those having the highest correlation with the
dependent variable. Table 10 shows that three variables entered the model: self-
directedness, self-transcendence, and previous leadership experience. The effects of
these three variables combined explained 33.8% of the variance in the dependent
variable visionary leadership behaviors (
R
2
= .338).
Character for Leadership
59
Table 10: Regression Model – Character Traits
and Previous Leadership
Experience
Model
R
R
2
F
df
1
df
2
p
1
.502
a
.252
33.33
1
99
.00
2
.553
b
.306
21.61
2
98
.00
3
.582
c
.338
16.53
3
97
.00
a
Predictors: (constant), self-transcendence, self-directedness, cooperativeness.
b
Predictors: (constant), self-transcendence, self-directedness.
c
Predictors: (constant), self-transcendence, self-directedness, leadership experience.
Table 11 shows that when controlling for the effects of self-directedness,
regression coefficients indicate only a moderate though significant correlation (ß =
.21) between the character trait self-transcendence
and visionary leadership
behaviors and a weak though significant correlation (ß = .18) between previous
leadership experience and visionary leadership behaviors. These results together
indicate that while self-transcendence and one’s previous experiences do affect
one’s ability to behave in a manner consistent with the ideals of visionary
leadership, the character trait self-directedness explains the most variance (ß = .50)
in the selection of those behaviors.
Character for Leadership
60
Table 11: Regression Coefficients – Character Traits and Previous Leadership
Experience, Dependent Variable
Visionary Leadership
Unstandardized
coefficients
Standardized coefficients
Model
B
SE
ß
t
p
1
(Constant)
140.02
8.90
15.73
.000
Self-directedness
1.47
.26
.50
5.77
.000
2
(Constant)
126.96
9.83
12.92
.000
Self-directedness
1.54
.25
.53
6.22
.000
Self-transcendence
1.58
.57
.23
2.77
.007
3
(Constant)
124.82
9.70
12.87
.000
Self-directedness
1.46
.25
.50
5.89
.000
Self-transcendence
1.41
.57
.21
2.49
.015
Leadership experience
2.62
1.21
.18
2.17
.032
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