Contemporary Problems of Social Work Современные проблемы социальной работы academic journal

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VOLUME 2, No. 1, 2016
Another type of corruption is typical for underdeveloped countries, it is creating barriers for 
businesses and the imposition of a particular model of relationships.
Corruption varies in manifestations: bribery, favoritism, protectionism, lobbyism, nepotism, 
cronyism, appropriation of public resources for personal purposes, illegal privatization, the 
provision of services to relatives, friends, acquaintances.
In the framework of the sociological research corruption is studied as a complex social 
phenomenon which extends to all spheres of relations between the state and civil society, 
becoming the norm. This position adheres to the article by A.V. Dakhin: “Corruption is a social 
structure, that is, the set of stable and universal enough (they are adapted to existence in the 
various spheres of society) norms and the principles of human relations. In this case we have 
in mind not individual, isolated cases and persons, and social groups that support this structure 
as a master or as an integral conditions (source) of existence” [5]. In this context, corruption is 
understood as an informal system of regulation, which exists alongside the official mechanism 
of power.
According to experts of the all-Russia anticorruption public reception “Clean hands” from 
14 January 2013 to 31 August 2014 have been 9925 of citizens about corruption. According to 
statistics, the level of corruption is different for regions of the Russian Federation. First place 
in this ranking is Moscow, the level of corruption here is at the level of 34.2%. After Moscow is 
the Moscow region (17.3%) and Primorsky territory (4.8 per cent). Leningrad region is on the 
6th place with a level of corruption equal to 2.8%.
There is a percentage of complaints of corruption in various government bodies. It is 
interesting to note that the leader of the rating is the judicial system, the level of corruption 
here is 28.5%. Further with a small separation goes the police (20.4%), prosecutors (17.4%), 
the investigative Committee (15.7%) and completes the five regional authorities and local self-
government with an index of 7.1%.
Specialists reception “Clean hands” in the calculations proceeded from the division of 
the total number of requests for certain types of corruption: entrepreneurs, ordinary citizens 
interact with government officials in criminal, administrative and civil proceedings, complaints 
consumer corruption. The calculations used the total number of requests, average size of a bribe 
in separate groups according to the information obtained from cases and their percentage.
Also experts say that the average size of a bribe in 2014 decreased by 27.2% compared to 
2012 and was equal to 218 400 rubles [17].
O.V. Sergienko believes that “the liability for corruption for officials dramatically reduces, or 
actually reverses the level of critical self-evaluation” [20]. This is evidenced by the opinion of 
the majority of Russians in the understanding that corruption exists at the level of authorities, 
and has no influence on the social life of the society.
Also, according to O.V. Sergienko “the importance of the situation in public life where 
corruption is accepted as a norm of social interaction, even when legitimate contenders have 
to pay bribes in the case, if the goods owners use the rent officers order creating a deficit of 
public services” [20].
You can say that corrupt relationships included in the analysis of comprehension of social 
reality. The study of bribery suggests that the person is able to give or take bribes in certain 
situations. This implies that the perception of corruption appears at the level of individual 
choice and can be considered as a situational and forced inclusion in corrupt practices.
When people talk about the psychological characteristics of personality, which contributes 
to its corruption, then there is the psychological approach to the problem of corruption and 
bribery.
M.M. Reshetnikov defines this position as follows: “without psychologically sound approaches 
here hardly something can be done, because the corruption is only in its legal and economic 
consequences of the problem, and the original is purely psychological and human” [18].

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CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK
Corrupt behavior is a type of social behavior that represents the actions of officials affecting 
the interests of individuals and groups in society. According to the studies of corrupt behavior 
is not so much determined by external circumstances, much depends on internal determinants: 
complex of certain qualities of personality, its attitudes, values and moral norms for the 
regulation of behavior, etc. [24].
In the study of personality B.D. Lyskov and T.N. Kurbatova come to a similar conclusion that 
“no external circumstances whatsoever can be grounds for a wrongful act if they are not laid 
simultaneously on the inner determinants of human activity” [14].
Citizens of Russia is very ambiguous, in our view, relate to corruption. A significant portion 
believes corruption is a negative phenomenon, but nevertheless, mutual service, thanks 
(material manifestation) and the gifts do not belong to corruption. This contradiction is due to 
the fact that our national culture is not defined clear boundaries between the concept of a bribe 
and what is considered to be greatly appreciated.
The society is very tolerant of the existence of corruption, and perceives bribery as an 
integral part of life. In the mass consciousness of the Russian population identify the 
following characteristics of the attitude towards corruption tolerance, the perception of 
corruption as a widespread phenomenon, not worthy of serious condemnation, condemned 
only “the exorbitant amounts of bribes”, as well as inconsistencies and contradictions [26]. 
In other words we can say that the acts of corruption themselves are not condemned, in all 
such situations are condemned only extremely large amount of bribes that some envy, and 
others bewildering.
In the papers, which talk about corruption, observed its negative sociopolitical and 
economic effects. Traditionally, corruption is considered an economic crime, but knowing the 
psychological aspects of this phenomenon, it will be easier to imagine the picture.
Psychological aspects of the phenomenon of corruption include the following positions:
1)  the psychology of corrupt behavior;
2)  psychology corrupting behavior, that is, those who give bribes, etc.;
3) the attitude of the society towards the problem of corruption and its specific 
components;
4)  socio-psychological processes that affect corruption [9].
From the foregoing it becomes clear that the causes of corrupt behavior are a complex 
phenomenon, different in nature. Among them, economic, political, social, psychological and 
those that turned into a tradition and way of life.
Let us dwell on psychological reasons. In this way you can draw attention to the work of Mr. 
Antonyan Y.M., in which he refers to as psychological reasons as follows:
• game motivation: the motives of corrupt conduct of a person not only selfish motives, but 
also the unconscious desire to participate in sharp, exciting game;
From this we can say that there are at least two causes of corruptive behavior – external 
(visible) is greed, and deeper (semantic) is the implementation’s motives. The first person 
provides material benefits, needs and ambitions. Obviously, in some cases obtaining wealth an 
end in itself without a clear idea of what these means. Interestingly, many corrupt officials are 
also players, and this passion they have not understood, it exists in the unconscious sphere of 
the psyche, and it is another semantic motif of corruption. The game brings to participants the 
psychological and moral satisfaction. They are playing with fate, the law and other people. In 
this game they build a certain relationship with their partners. These relationships also often 
have a playful character.
The existence of these motives, their relationship largely determines the prevalence of 
corruption and its acceptance by the society, as a way of life.
• alienation of the individual from state power, which people accustomed to consider that 
without bribe nothing can be done, but government control is not possible;

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