Contemporary Problems of Social Work Современные проблемы социальной работы academic journal

111
VOLUME 2, No. 1, 2016
supported not only by the local government, but it is also a potential possibility for the whole 
Russian society.
References
1.  Asanov V.L., Ivanov V.N., Melnikov S.B., Dyachenko L.G., Ivanov A.V., Melnikov N.S. Municipal 
management. P. 13.
2.  Eric Anderson, «Two Major Forms of Government: Two types of Professional Management,» 
The Municipal Year Book 1989, Washington, D.C. International City Management Association, 
1989.
3.  Frolova E.V. The Development of the Local Social Infrastructure in Russia: Problems and 
Prospects / Self Management. 2013. No. 1. P. 34.
4.  Gaidenko P.P., Davydov Y.N. History and Rationality: the Sociology of Max Weber and Weber 
Renaissance. M .: Politizdat, 2007. 367 P.
5.  Gladyshev A.G. Municipal Management: a manual for schools. M.: Municipal World, 2002. 35 P.
6. http://council.gov.ru/structure/docs/25491.
7. http://predp.com/fin/terms/chto-takoe-kpi.html.
8. http://www.komitet4.km.duma.gov.ru/file.xp?idb=2042546&fn=%CE%F2%E2%E5%F2%
FB%20%CA%EE%EC%E8%F2%E5%F2%E0%20%20%F7.2.pdf&size=216213.
9. http://www.komitet4.km.duma.gov.ru/file.xp?idb=1750062&fn=2007%20%20
%CC%E5%F1%F2%ED%EE%E5%20%F1%E0%EC%EE%F3%EF%F0%E0%E2%EB%E5%ED%E8
%E5%20%E2%20%C7%C0%D2%CE.pdf&size=1314045.
10.  http://www.komitet4.km.duma.gov.ru/file.xp?idb=2042546&fn=%CE%F2%E2%E5%F2%
FB%20%CA%EE%EC%E8%F2%E5%F2%E0%20-%20%F7.2.pdf&size=216213.
11.   Ivanov V.V., Korobov A.N. Municipal Management. Handbook. M., 2007. 275 P.
12.  Kalinichenko L.A. Municipal Management: Organizational Principles M.: Logos. 2001. 36 P.
13.  Kalinichenko L.A .Professional Municipal Service, M.: RSSU, 2007. P. 5.
14.  Kalinichenko L.A. Professional Organization of Municipal Service. Saratov: Publishing – in 
Saratov State University, 1998. 15 P.
15.  Kravchenko A.I. The History of Management. M., 2009. 12 P.
16. Rating 2014 Countries. Rating Russia [Electronic resource]. Access: URL: http://
www.7sekretov.ru/world-ranking-2012.html.
17. Richard Stillman, The Rise of the City Manager (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico 
Press, 1974); R.J. Huntley and R.J. McDonald, “Urban Managers: Organizational Preferences, 
Managerial Styles, and Social Policy Roles”, The municipal Year Book 1975 (Washington, D.C.: 
International City Management Association, 1975); Harold Stone, Don K. Price, Kathryn H. 
Stone, City Manager Government in the United States (Chicago: Public Administration Service, 
1940).
18. Shalashnikova V.Yu. Indicators the Effectiveness of the City Manager in the Modern 
Municipalities of the Russian Federation, Social Policy and Sociology. 2015. Vol. 14. No. 
2 (108). P. 82–90.
19. Shimanskaya, I.Yu., Kabanova, E.E., Shalashnikova, V.Yu. &Verdyan N.G. Actual socially-
economic problems of the small and average cities of Russia, Contemporary Problems of 
Social Work, Vol. 1. 2015. No. 1. P. 158–167.
20.  Urzha O.A. The Modernization of Municipal Reform As a Factor in Increasing the Efficiency 
of the Public Administration // Proceedings of the I Ivanovo readings. M.: “Perspective” 
Publishing House, 2011. 23 P.
21.  Zotov V.B. Municipal Management System. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2006. 432 P.
REFERENCE TO ARTICLE
 
Shalashnikova, V.Yu. & Shimanskaya, I.Yu. (2016) Analysis of Factors and Effectiveness of 
Heads of Local Administration in Modern Russian Municipalities, Contemporary Problems of 
Social Work. Vol. 2. No. 1 (5). P. 104–111. DOI: 10.17922/2412-5466-2016-2-1-104-111 
(International bibliographic description).

---

112
Keyzerova J.V.,
postgraduate student, Russian State Social University, Moscow.
E-mail: [e-mail]
 
UDC 159.9; 316.6
 DOI: 
10.17922/2412-5466-2016-2-1-112-119
Corruption As a Social Phenomenon
Receiving date:
15.01.2016
Preprint date:
25.02.2016
Taking to print date:
28.03.2016
Annotation: the article investigates the concept of “corruption”. We consider historical and contemporary 
conditions of existence and development of this phenomenon. We describe some of the approaches to the 
understanding of corruption. Presents the different classifications of corruption. The causes of corruption and 
bribery. The question of the relationship of corruption and mentality.
Key words: corruption, bribery, classification of corruption, causes of corruption, the main approaches to 
understanding corruption, mentality.
The history of studying of corruption says that Uruinimgina – the Sumer tsar of the city-state 
of Lagash in the second half of the XXIV century was BC the first governor and the fighter against 
corruption. It cruelly punished for wastes and bribes [11]. The special attention was riveted on 
a problem of bribability of employees of court, not incidentally the religion condemns first of all 
bribery of judges, in the Koran we can read the following thought: “Don’t appropriate illegally 
property of each other and don’t bribe judges intentionally to appropriate part of property of 
other people” [16]. The law of Twelve tables provided the death penalty, to the intermediaries 
or judges convicted of bribery and bribery.
In Russia at the time of existence of orders (the XVII–XVIII centuries) “corruption” turned 
into characteristic feature of the power, under the name mandative red tape. In the XVIII 
century to petty Russian officials cancelled a state salary and replaced it with accidents. A little 
later this rule was cancelled, but monarchic servants already got used to live due to “feeding”. 
In the first half of the XIX century the bribery becomes a habit and becomes norm. At that 
time officials weren’t pursued for similar acts in any way. Such extortion generated the mass of 
sayings in this respect: “At mandative you won’t buy the truth for ruble”, “Every citizen likes hot 
bread”, “The earth loves the truth, and our head of troops hresent”, etc.
It is possible that this part of our history can be related to mentality. And here we can 
argue not on separate group of people (officials), and on all because in this to “mandative red 
tape” all segments of the population were involved. Mentality is reflected in consciousness and 
behavior of people, culture, policy, economy.
PSYCHOLOGY

---