Empirical Results
Table 4 shows the results of the estimations of ECM that investigate the direct impact of
national immigration policies on FDI inflows in the U.S. The overall results support the
Hypothesis 1, that more expansive immigration policies attract more FDI. First, to get some
sense of the robustness of the results, I estimate alternative specifications by including only the
lagged dependent variables and the differenced and lagged values of the primary independent
variables, without the control variables. The results from the alternative specifications in
Column 1 indicate that the impact of immigration policy, measured in terms of annual refugee
admissions per capita, on FDI inflows is positively and statistically significant at the 0.05 level,
but only in its short-term effect. As shown in Column 3, the variable of restrictive immigration
law, an alternative measure of immigration policy, is negatively and significantly correlated
with FDI inflows in both the short and long term. Column 5 shows that the coefficient value of
the lawful permanent resident variable is positively correlated with FDI, suggesting that higher
numbers of lawful permanent residents increase FDI. Its impact, however, is only
distinguishable in the short term. The mediating variable, unit labor costs, is negatively and
significantly associated with FDI in all models.
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