Ebbinghaus said this because psychology’s questions go back to the ancients

Orans (1996) supported Freeman, not Mead.

Hall organized the first opportunity for Americans to meet Freud.

• Hall organized the first opportunity for Americans to meet Freud.

• Freud gave 5 lectures, Jung gave 3 lectures – both received honorary degrees.

• The lectures were published, bringing them to a wider audience.

Unlike the Structuralist and Gestalt schools, Functionalism did not have a single leader.

• Unlike the Structuralist and Gestalt schools, Functionalism did not have a single leader.

• Functionalism was intended to be an inclusive, pragmatic, useful American psychology.

• Major American functionalists are:

• John Dewey
• James Rowland Angell & Harvey A. Carr

• Woodworth & Thorndike were sympathetic to it.

• Today, nearly all psychologists are functionalists.

Dewey was not only a psychologist but also an important philosopher and educational innovator, social critic and commentator.

• Dewey was not only a psychologist but also an important philosopher and educational innovator, social critic and commentator.

• He represented New England values all his life.

• After graduating from Univ. of Vermont, Dewey taught public high school for 2 years.

• Teachers taught all subjects – there were no required qualifications.
• Discipline was physical, kids were expected to sit quietly until called, learn by rote and ask no questions.

Dewey was a grad student under G. Stanley Hall

• Dewey was a grad student under G. Stanley Hall

• Classmates were Woodrow Wilson & Cattell.
• Following graduation he became an instructor at the Univ. of Michigan, teaching philosophy & psychology.

• He wrote “Psychology” in 1887, which was overshadowed by W. James “Principles…”in 1890.

• He published an assessment of language development in children, one of his few empirical studies, in 1894.

• It was probably based on his own children.

In 1894, Dewey became chair at Univ. of Chicago.

• In 1894, Dewey became chair at Univ. of Chicago.

• Dewey’s dept included psychology & pedagogy.

• In 1896 he published “The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology” emphasizing the adaptive value of mind and consciousness.

• He criticized stimulus-response and sensation-idea dichotomies, saying that responses and ideas always occur in a functional context (child reaching for flame).
• We must consider how the response adjusts to the environment, the stimulus’s “psychological value.”

Dewey considered himself a “democratic evolutionist.”

• Dewey considered himself a “democratic evolutionist.”

• Culture, education, government make people different than other species, ensuring ability to compete for all.
• All people should have an equal chance – to accomplish this, educational reform was critical.

• Dewey wrote “The School and Society (1899) with psychology as the basis for sound educational theory and practice, meeting 4 child needs:

• Conversation, curiosity, construction, artistic expression.

Dewey established a university-based “laboratory school” to study how children think and learn.

• Dewey established a university-based “laboratory school” to study how children think and learn.

• 140 students, 23 teachers, 10 grad student assistants.
• A model for similar lab schools on college campuses.

• Education must foster growth and keep the mind flexible – opposed to rote and drill learning.

• The educator’s role was to foster divergent thinking, not transmit dogma.
• Lessons were presented in some context (e.g., cooking & math together).

In 1904, Dewey went the Columbia University.

• In 1904, Dewey went the Columbia University.

• He was a charter member of the APA and president in 1899. He was the 4th psychologist elected to the National Academy of Sciences.

• He founded the first teacher’s union in NYC.

• With Cattell, he founded the AAUP & was its first president.

• He supported the ACLU & NAACP.

• He remains influential despite never doing an expt.

Angell took over leadership in Chicago when Dewey left.

• Angell took over leadership in Chicago when Dewey left.

• Angell was Dewey’s student in Michigan, then studied with W. James & Munsterberg at Harvard, then met Wundt, Ebbinghaus & Helmholtz.

• He wrote a doctoral dissertation on Kant but was never awarded his degree due to poor German.

• His teaching positions led to becoming Acting president of the Univ. of Chicago in 1918.

Angell described functionalism as a protest movement in his Presidential Address to the APA.

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