Electrical industry of burma/myanmar
Appendix 15 COUNTRY REPORT OF MYANMAR AT THE FRANCO – ASEAN SEMINAR
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- IMPACT OF CYCLONE NARGIS ON MYANMAR’S ELECTRICITY SECTOR
- Appendix 17 COGENERATION POTENTIAL OF MYANMAR’S PRODUCTION OF SUGARCANE
- Cogeneration potential assessment
- Cogeneration actual assessment based on present cane crushing
- Appendix 18 CASE STUDY OF MOST’S VILLAGE BIOGAS ELECTRIFICATION PROJECT
Appendix 15 COUNTRY REPORT OF MYANMAR AT THE FRANCO – ASEAN SEMINAR “Powering ASEAN: Technology and Policy Options”, 6-7 September, 2007. During September 2007, a seminar aimed at exploring technology and policy options in meeting the long-term demands for electricity in ASEAN countries was held in Bangkok, Thailand. Issues dealt with at the seminar included global power demand and supply outlook, nuclear power and strategies, national and regional strategies for long term power supply security, the development and deployment of energy efficiency programs and energy technologies for sustainable development, including decentralized rural electrification. A collection of the reports and papers presented at the seminar is no longer available on-line but the Myanmar country report comprised of a set of 38 slides is archived at http://burmalibrary.org/docs2/MMpresentation.pdf Of interest in the Myanmar report are three slides with organograms of the Ministry of Electric Power as it existed between 1997 and May 2006 and of the re-organized Ministries of Electric Power No 1 and No 2 which have functioned since then. (Slides 6,7,8 & 9). The organograms of the re-organized ministries have been reproduced with interpretive comments in the article above: Ministry of Electric Power Re-organized (NLM: 16/05/06). Slide 11 has a list of 26 of the main generating stations in the country in operation in mid-2007. The locations of the 11 hydropower stations are shown on a map on Slide 13. Slides 21 and 22 contain a list of 19 hydropower projects in various stages of implementation in mid-2007. A map showing the location of these is found on Slide 23. Slide 36 has a list of 7 hydropower project in the planning stage in mid-2007. Of special interest is the information about transmission facilites in operation or under implementation or planning. Slide 28 contains a map showing the transmission system as it existed in mid-2007. Slide 34 shows the system as it is conceived when the current set of domestic hydropower projects under implementation is finished, possibly in 2012 – 14. The map on Slide 35 shows the transmission system when projects in the border areas being undertaken by foreign companies are completed, possibly in the early 20s. These maps, accompanied by an interpretive commentary, are reproduced in Annex 1 below. National High-Voltage Grid System and Maps. Slide 12 contains a list of 52 sub-stations in operation in mid-2007. Slides 26 and 27 provide a list of 21 transmission projects under implementation in mid-2007. Slide 28 has a list of 12 sub-stations that were under construction between 2005 and 2007. Slides 30, 31 and 31 have a list of 41 transmission lines to be set up “in the near future”, while Slide 33 has a list of 8 sub-station projects for construction “in the near future”. These lists and news items from national and foreign media provide the background for the commentary accompanying Maps 3, 4 and 5 iin Annex 1 below. Existing Sub-stations: 2005 – 2007 (Slide 12) 1. Bhamaw 14. Wazi 27. Sinde 40. Pakhannge 2. Shwegu 15. Nyaungoo 28. Taungoo 41. Ngaphe 3. Kyaukpahto 16. Sale 29. Hinthada 42. Malun 4. Ngapyawdine 17. Aungthapye 30. Bago 43. Nyaungchedauk 5. Letpanhla 18. Chauk 31. Yekyi 44. Kyankhin 6. Monywa 19. Thazi 32. Pathein 45. Myainggalay 7. Nyaungbingyi 20. Kalaw 33. Myaungmya 46. Bayintnaung 8. Aungpinle 21. Magwe 34. Pha-an 47. Mann 9. Mandalay 22. Taungdwingyi 35. Myaungtaga 48. Yinmarpin 10. Pyinoolwin 23. Pyinmana 36. Ingone 49. Kyaukchaw 11. ? 24. Thayet 37. Kyaukpadaung 50. Hlaing Tha Yar 12. Myingyan 25. Kyawswa 38. Pozoland 51. Thayargone 13. Pakokku 26. Pyi 39. Tanyaung 52. Athok
1 Yeywa Belin 230 2 30 2 Yeywa Meikhtila 230 2 80 3 Shwezaryan Belin 230 2 25 4 Belin Meikhtila 230 2 65 5 Meikhtila Thazi 230 2 14 6 Shweli Mansan 230 2 60 7 Mansan Shwesaryan 230 2 120 8 Thaketa Thanlyin 230 2 12 9 Taungoo Tharyargone 230 2 56 10 Tharyagone Bago 230 2 54 11 Bago Thanlyin 230 2 65 12 Bago Myaungtaga 230 1 50 13 Belin Monywa 230 2 110 14 Meikhtila Taungdwingyi 230 1 105 15 Phyu Toungoo – Bago line 230 2 4.5 16 Thazi Myingyan 132 1 65 17 Kengtawng Namzang 132 1 73 18 Kyee-on Kyee-wa Mann 132 1 94 19 Kun Toungoo – Bago line 230 1 8 20 Tounggoo Shwedaung 230 1 100 21 Upper – Paunglaung Nancho 230 1 26 Substation Projects under construction: 2005 – 2007 (Slide 28) Sr. Name Voltage Ratio (kV) Capacity (MVA) 1 Shweli 230 / 66/ 11 45 2 Mansan 230 / 66 / 11 60 3 Shwesaryan 230 / 132 / 11 200 4 Shwesaryan 230 / 33 / 11 60 5 Thanlyin 230 / 33 / 11 100 6 Belin 230 / 132 / 11 160 7 Meikhtila 230 / 33 / 11 60 8 Monywa (Extension) 230 / 132 / 11 400 9 Shwemyo 230 / 33 / 11 100 10 Thephyu (Yeni) 230 / 33 / 11 100 11 Myingyan 132 / 66 / 11 90 12 Namzang 132 / 66 / 11 75
1 Nancho Shwemyo 230 1, TB 28 2 Shweli No 1 and No 2 Shweli No 3 230 2, TB 50 3 Shwekyin Tharyargone 230 1 40 4 Shweli Mong Mit 230 2, TB 20 5 Belin Pakokku 230 1, TB 120 6 Belin Meikhtila 230 1, TB 65 7 Meikhtila Nay Pyi Taw 230 1, TB 90 8 Maei Kyaukphyu 230 1, TB 75 9 Thahtay Ann 230 1, TB 97 10 Thahtay Athoke 230 1, TB 145 11 Shwedaung Oakshitpin 230 1, TB 24 12 Hinthada Athoke 230 1, TB 60 13 Athoke Pathein 230 1, TB 40 14 Hutgyi Mawlamyaing 230 2, TB 123 15 Namzang Pinpet 132 1 53 16 Upper Kengtawng Kholam 132 1 40 17 Thahtay Oakshitpin 230 1 70 18 Ann Mann 132 1 80 19 Pimput Kalaw 132 1 40 20 Hutgyi Thaton-Pa’an grid 230 1 90 21 Hinthada Myaungtaga 230 1 80 22 Myitkyina Taping Nos 1 & 2 & Shweli No 1 HP stations230 1 135 23 Upper Thanlwin Kyaington 230 2, TB 12 24 Manipur Pakokku 230 2, TB 180 25 Shwesaryay Monywa 230 2, TB 30 26 Thaukyegat Taungoo 230 1, TB 25 27 Bawgata Tharyargone 230 1, TB 20 28 Tanintharyi Myeik 230 2, TB 40 29 Myeik Mawlamyaing 230 2, TB 222 30 Myeik Kawthaung 230 1, TB 250 31 Myitsone Myitkyina 230 2, TB 60 32 Myitkyina Ohndaw 230 2, TB 320 33 Htamanthi Hopin 230 2, TB 100 34 Htamanthi Phaungpyin - Kalewa - Monywa 230 1, TB 340 35 Meikhtila Nya Pyi Taw 230 1, TB 90 36 Tasang Pyinmana 500 1, QB 200 37 Htamanthi Monywar 500 1, QB 230 38 Belin Toungoo – Bago grid 500 1, QB 300 39 Monywa Mann- Oakshitpin 500 1, QB 350 - Hinthada grid 40 Myitsone Mong Mit – Belin grid 500 1, QB 430 41 Htamanthi Myitsone 500 1, QB 220
1 Oakshitpin 500/230 kV 500 2 Pyinmana 500/230 kV 500 3 Monywa 500/230 kV 500 4 Mann 500/230 kV 500 5 Hinthada 500/230 kV 500 6 Belin 500/230 kV 500 7 Taungoo 500/230 kV 500 8 Bago 500/230 kV 500
‘PM calls for bio-batteries in every cyclone-hit household’ (NLM: 07/04/09) ‘Restoration of electric power to Irrawaddy delta given priority’ (AFP, 01/07/08) ‘YESB: Five billion kyat spent on power line repair in Yangon’ (MT: 16/06/08) ‘Myanmar to build first storm-resistant model village’ (Bernama: 12/06/08) ‘Industrial zones recovering from cyclone’ (MT: 26/05/08) ‘Myanmar’s biggest city still paralyzed five days after cyclone’ (New York Times: 08/05/08) ‘Irrawaddy delta region submerged by floodwaters’ (AFP: 06/05/08) ---------------------------------------- Compared to other aspects of the economy affected by Cyclone Nargis, the impact on “the electricity sector was modest”, according to the report, Post-Nargis Joint Assessment. “Although more than four million people were directly affected by lack of electricity after Cyclone Nargis, the effect of the cyclone on the electricity sector was modest from a national perspective. Total damage and losses in the sector amounted to slightly more than K 15 billion. Most of the distribution and transmission system had been reconstructed by 30 June but, in places, to a standard below generally accepted technical specifications.” (PNJA, p. 18) In fact, for reasons not explained in the report, these costs are not even factored into the computation of total recovery needs estimated at K 1,102 billion [US$ 1.002 billion] The reason for minimal losses in the electricity sector may be due to the fact that the rural areas most affected by the cyclone in both Ayeyawaddy and Yangon divisions have not been widely electrified. In the impact area of Ayeyawaddy division,” the household electrification ratio is only about 7 percent. “The urban areas of Pathein and Myaungmya [not heavily affected by the storm] account for 76 percent of total sales in the impact area. Demand is however, suppressed because of 6-8 hours of daily load shedding in the grid.” In Labutta township, one of the worst affected areas, “the [municipal] power plant was [only] operated for about one hour daily between 20:00 and 21:00 hours; likewise in other off-grid systems.” (PNJA, p 116) “Of the 1,490 kVA of diesel-fuelled off-grid power plants in the affected area, about 1,075 kVA were damaged, or lost. On Hainggyi Island, [in Ngupadaw township], three generating sets totaling 136 kVA providing power to 139 consumers, were partly damaged by salt water during the storm; they were repaired and are back in operation. The 860 kVA genset at Labutta township providing power to 1,320 consumers was also partly damaged, but is now in operation. In Pyin Sa Lu [in Labutta township], however, the 79 kVA genset providing electricity to 192 consumers was washed out to sea by the tidal surge. The village was destroyed, and the unit has not yet been replaced, as there is no surviving staff and very few or no consumers left in the village. Total damages to the state facilities in Ayeyawaddy division were estimated at Ks 731 million.” (PNJA, pp. 46, 117) Some consumers such as wealthier home owners, hotels, restaurants, shops, small industries in the rural areas of Ayeyawaddy division had “opted to procure their own generating sets (typical size 5-10 kVA)”. “No systematic data was available on these sets.” “There is no data on damages, and subsequent repairs, to private sector generating units. It is expected, however, that those generating units in villages that were close to the coast, and that were affected by the tidal surge, may have suffered extensive salt damages.“ In other cases, “villages not connected to the grid have formed co-operatives to procure and operate small generating units. Typically for lighting only, these consist of petrol fuelled generating sets or steam turbines using rice husk and vegetable oils as fuel.” (PNJA, p. 117) These were also excluded in the analysis. “As to transmission and distribution facilities [in the impacted areas of Ayeyawaddy division], most of the damage (82% of 33 kV lines and 30% of 11/6.6 kV lines) occurred in Mawlamyinegyun, Bogale, Kyaiklat, Pyapon and Dedaye townships. In the affected areas, transmission and distribution lines have poles made of reinforced concrete (rectangular and cylindrical) as per Myanmar technical standards, or railway rails. The railway rails cannot be considered as being a permanent solution for any medium voltage line. The initial cost estimates provided by the Government included only materials, and have been adjusted to also include labour, installation and transport costs. It has been assumed that materials account for 70 % of total costs. The total transmission line damages in Ayeyawaddy Division are estimated at Ks 5,724 million [US$ 5.2 million].” (PNJA, p. 117) The report has comparatively little to say about damage to the electrical infrastructure in the areas of Yangon division affected by the cyclone. “There was no major damage to any of the four gas-fired power plants in the Yangon area. No data was available on damages to private sector generating sets, normally used for backup during load shedding periods. However, damages were incurred in distribution and transmission system worth an estimated Ks 6,816 million [US$ 6,200,000].” (PNJA, p. 119) Table 8 (PNJA, p. 120) shows that 70pc of the estimated replacement costs for transmission and distribution costs, approximately Ks 4773,300 million [US$ 4,340,000] were in the city of Yangon itself. This is not far off the estimate of Ks 5 billion made by the secretary of the Yangon Electricity Supply Board in an interview with the Myanmar Times (ELPG: 006), although the cost of replacing concrete power posts and lighting fixtures in the city does not seem to have been factored into the estimates of the Post-Nargis Assessment. Replacement costs for damage to transmission and distribution lines in Bago division and Mon and Karen states which were impacted to a lesser degree by the cyclone are estimated at Ks 2,160 million [US$ 1,963,000]. (PNJA, p. 121) In addition to the cost estimates of the damages caused to the electrical infrastructure by the cyclone, the report also provides estimates of the financial impact due to loss of electric power sales in the areas affected. In fact, because of very low electric power tariffs and the high transmission and distribution system losses, it was found that outside of Yangon, MEPE may actually have reduced its financial losses as a result of the storm. “Average cost of generation of K 20/kWh was provided by EPM No 2, and represents the cost of buying electricity from EPM No 1 from hydropower plants. Generating costs of gas and steam turbines were not available, but are likely to be higher than K 20/kWh. . . . System losses were assumed at 28pc and include technical and administrative losses. The net loss considering generation savings and lower sales is found to be negative.” (PNJA, p. 122) ================================================================================== Appendix 17 COGENERATION POTENTIAL OF MYANMAR’S PRODUCTION OF SUGARCANE Hla Kyaw et al., Status and Potential for the Development of Biofuels and Rural Renewable Energy: Myanmar (ADB: Greater Mekong subregion Economic Cooperation Program, Manila, 2009, pp 27 – 29) Edited and extracted from a much longer section on bioethanol production. http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Biofuels/biofuels-mya.pdf Sugar production in Myanmar increased markedly after FY1998, following its emergence from import substitution and the shift to export-oriented production. New participants joined the industry while the domestic sugar price was highly attractive; but in 2006, with the fall in domestic sugar price from MK800/kg to MK430/kg, producers accumulated stockpiles. The declining sugar price may become an opportunity for diversion of part of the crop to ethanol production. The area under sugarcane cultivation in FY2007 was estimated at almost 240,000 acres (97,560 ha), and cane production was about 5 million t/year. Based on these figures, the amount of molasses by-products available from both large factories and small and medium-sized sugar plants was 122,500 t. If one-third of the molasses were converted into bioethanol, 1.65 million gal of 95.5% ethanol would be produced. But actual production from large-scale factories would not be more than 50,000 t of molasses because capacity is underused in most sugar factories. Recently, private companies established bioethanol plants by annexing the existing sugar factories in the same compound. Bagasse is the fibrous material comprising about 30-40% of the core of the sugarcane plant which produces sufficient heat energy to supply all the needs of a typical sugar mill with energy to spare. To this end, a secondary use for the waste heat is electricity generation where the heat is used to produce steam that can be harnessed to generate electricity. Any excess electricity generated can be sold on to the consumer electricity grid.1 Bagasse output as by-product of sugarcane processing is about 250 kg per ton of cane (at 50% moisture content). The gross calorific value is 4,600 kilocalories per kg. A rapid assessment of cogeneration potential which has been made for all existing large sugar factories in Myanmar would be as follows: Cogeneration potential assessment 1. Installed capacity of 17 sugar factories = 27,100 tons crushed per day (TCD) 2. Potential crushed cane per year = 4,336,000 t cane per year 3. Potential steam generation = 732,784 mt 1 kg of burned bagasse = 5 kg production of steam 1,000 kg cane produces 260 kg bagasse fiber) 4. Potential electrical output = 38,567 GWh power (steam 19 kg per hour = 1 kW) Cogeneration actual assessment based on present cane crushing 5. Actual sugarcane crushed in 2006-07 = 1,071,241 t 6. Actual output steam = 181,040 t 7. Actual electrical output = 9,528 GWh power output (steam 19 kg per hour = 1 kW) 8. Potential excess = 29,039 GWh electrical power1 The large discrepancy in cogeneration is primarily attributed to the amount of available cane to be crushed. But if the present declining boiler efficiency is considered, there will be a large power gap. The industry needs to improve the energy input–output system. Myanmar’s sugar industry is small compared with other countries, thus sugarcane can offer one energy source, and the country needs to rely on multiple feedstocks. 1Compiler’s note: This explanatory paragraph was added to the original using information from the Wikipedia entry on bagasse. 2Compiler’s note: The potential excess output from bagasse generation of 29,000 GWh in 2006-07 would amount to roughly five times the actual output by the national electric power ministries from all sources including hydropower, gas and steam. See Table CP002 below. Additional references See below: 'Biogas power plants supply electricity to rural areas’ (MT: 16/08/04) See also the section on biogas energy in ‘Electricity potential of energy sources available in Myanmar’. ================================================================================== Appendix 18 CASE STUDY OF MOST’S VILLAGE BIOGAS ELECTRIFICATION PROJECT Hla Kyaw et al., Status and Potential for the Development of Biofuels and Rural Renewable Energy: Myanmar (ADB: Greater Mekong subregion Economic Cooperation Program, Manila, 2009, pp 47 - 48) Edited and condensed. Partly based on a presentation by the Myanmar Engineering Society. Two photos of biogas tanks are included. http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Biofuels/biofuels-mya.pdf The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) began research into biogas projects in 1995 to help fulfill the energy needs of communities where the wood fuel supply is being depleted. A project was started in 2002 at the cost of K 2,000,000 per 50 m3 fixed dome-type unit (approximately $7,000) in a village near Kyaukse in Mandalay Division under the supervision of Kyaukse Technology University. The MOST provided financial support (to be paid back in installments) for the initial projects, including cement at the government-subsidized price. The project used a 30-horsepower generator with an output of 15 kVA, which is sufficient to supply electricity for a 160-household village. The initial unit supported by the MOST is still in operation and supplies electricity for 2 hours in the morning and 4 hours in the evening. If there are around 100 cows in a village, approximately 50 m3 of biogas can be provided by a 50 m3, fixed dome-type biogas plant. According to the project implementor, the electricity yield of Myanmar biogas units is higher than those she studied in the PRC. A committee of community elders was formed to charge every household based on the number of florescent lights, televisions (black-and-white or color) and VCD and DVD players used. The monthly charge rates are K 1,000 for a color television, K 500 for a black-and-white television, K 500 for a VCD or DVD player, K 500 for a florescent light, and K 1,000 for a satellite dish. The project’s monthly income of approximately K 150,000 since implementation enabled it to break even after 3 years. The byproducts— a waste liquid of cow dung—are returned in order of sequence to villagers who have supplied cow dung. The by-products are used in their fields as organic manure. The MOST has installed 126 biogas units: 98 in Mandalay Division, 8 in Magway Division, 19 in Sagaing Division, and 1 in Shan State. Due to the increase in the price of construction materials, a biogas unit now costs MK8 million and the MOST, now provides only technical, rather than financial, support. In addition to the concrete tanks, steel tanks imported from India have been introduced by the MOST, and are in private use. At the time of writing, 867 floating-type family-size biogas digesters have been constructed and are operational in 134 townships in all 14 states and divisions of Myanmar. The highest number is in the central Myanmar region where wood fuel is rarely used. The present strategy to expand rural energy self-sufficiency based on the availability of animal waste seems reasonable in view of environmental concerns. However, the use of draught cattle in villages is decreasing due to a rise in the use of small-scale farm machinery. Moreover, cattle are increasingly being smuggled into neighboring countries, such as the PRC and Thailand, for food. Therefore, alternative sources of biomass other than animal waste should be considered in the longer term. Yüklə 12,31 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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