Etan-main text

Science policies in the European Union
The author of this study, Sonja Bischoff, further states that industry in
Germany recruits 30% of its trainees for its management programmes from
graduates in economics, 25% from graduates in engineering and 25% from
graduates in information technology, mathematics and natural sciences. In
1996, women formed 40% of the economics graduates but only 15% of the
engineering graduates and much less in those engineering disciplines sought
after by industry - mechanical and electrical engineering. Women also do
not form a high proportion of graduates in chemistry and information
technology - the science specialities sought after by industry. Thus, to some
extent, women are excluded from a later career in industry by the choice of
subject studied at the university (Bischoff 1996; 1999)
In 1998, the only National Statistics Office in Europe able to supply a
number for the percentage of top managers that were female was the
Netherlands. The  number  was  1.5%
In the US, only 3-5% of the top managers of Fortune 1000 and Fortune
500 companies are female. Women run just three of the companies on the
Fortune 500 list.
In Canada, women run two of the three largest companies on Canada’s
Financial Post 500 list: General Motors Corporation of Canada and Ford
Motor Co of Canada. Women run 10 of the largest companies in Canada.
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founded
a
1st woman
no. of
total
%
council
year
elected
women
no.
women
Austrian Academy of Sciences
b,c
1847
0
65
0
1994
0
83
0
0/4
1999
Royal Belgian Academy of Sciences, Letters and Fine Arts
b,c
2
29
6.9
1999
Belgium: Royal Flemish Academy for Sciences,
1772
1975
0
40
0
1999
and Arts
b,c
Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters
b,c
1742
1968
5
125
4.0
1991
5
143
3.5
1/8
1999
Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters
b,d
1838
1960
11
230
4.8
1994
Finnish Academy of Science and Letters
b
1908
36
445
8
1999
Académie des Sciences, France
1666
1962
4
125
3.2
1991
5
139
3.6
1999
All German Academies of Science
b,d,e
1700-1975
1767
33
1315
2.5
1991
56
1378
4.0
4/46
1999
Greece:  Academy of Athens
b,c
1926
1997
0
15
0
1999
Icelandic Society of Sciences
b
1918
1928
19
155
12.3
1
1999
Royal Irish Academy of Science, Polite Literature
1945
15
275
5.5
1994
and Antiquities
18
280
6.4
3/21
1999
Italy:  Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome
b,d
1603
1947
13
496
2.6
1999
Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
b,c
1808
1950
1
286
0.35
1994
1
237
0.4
0/4
1999
Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
b,d
1857
1911
82
736
11.1
1999
Portugal: Academy of Sciences of Lisbon
b,c
1851
1981
0
23
0
1994
Scotland: Royal Society of Edinburgh
b,d
1783
1949
54
1148
4.5
1999
Royal National Academies of Spain
b,d
9
336
2.7
1999
Women in the world’s academies of science
This information is not routinely collected, and we thank the Academies which have supplied it on request.
Only full members of the Academies are counted, not  corresponding  or foreign members. Where possible we
have listed the numbers of women and the total numbers of fellows in the class of sciences (see footnotes).
Under the heading Council we give the numbers of  women/total members  of the Academy’s Council or
Executive Committee.
Women are poorly represented in the Academies and improvement is slow, even though some Academies are
clearly taking steps to include more women.
Appendix V
Table V.1: Women in the world’s academies of science
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Science policies in the European Union
a
founded or reorganised  
b
includes science and arts (humanities, letters)  
c
only the class of sciences has been counted  
d
 in 1991, head count
of  5 regional academies, not including Göttingen and Heidelberg:
 
in 1999, head count  of the 7 regional academies 
e
 includes foreign and
corresponding members   
f
active + emeritus; membership includes  social sciences   (see also Mason, J. 1991, 1995).
founded
a
1st woman
no. of
total
%
council
year
elected
women
no.
women
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1739
1951
 13
330
3.9
1994
1748
19
347
5.5
1999
UK: Royal Society of London
1660
1945
31
1059
2.9
1/21
1990
43
1185
3.6
2/21
1999
UK: Royal Academy of Engineering
1975, 1992
13
1117
1.2
1/24
1999
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
9
142
6.3
1999
Estonian Academy of Sciences
1938
1946
1
59
1.7
1999
Hungarian Academy of Sciences
1825
6
183
3.3
1994
Latvian Academy of Sciences
1946
1971
10
86
11.6
1999
Lithuanian Academy of Sciences
1998
1
39
2.6
1999
Polish Academy of Sciences
b
1952
1952
5
199
2.5
0/4
1994
Russian (formerly USSR) Academy of Sciences
1725,1925,1991
1939
4
332
1.2
1991
10
600
1.7
1998
Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
1938
2
68
2.9
1999
Turkish Academy of Sciences
16
110
14.6
1999
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
1918
1924
5
192
2.6
1999
Academia Europaea, London
b,d
1988
103
1854
5.6
3/18
1999
European Academy of Arts, Sciences and
19
892
2.1
1994
Humanities, Salzburg
b
Academy III (Science) of the Royal Society of Canada
1882
1946
37
835
4.4
1994
48
899
5.3
4/18
1999
Australian Academy of Science
1954
1956
8
280
2.9
1994
13
311
4.2
1/16
1999
Chinese Academy of Sciences
1949
1955
27
533
5.1
1994
Indian Academy of Sciences
1934
1952
16
631
2.5
1991
Indian National Science Academy
1935
21
679
3.1
1994
Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
b
1959
1990
1
32
3
1990
3
77
3.9
1/5
1999
Japan Academy
b
1879
1995
1
133
0.8
0
1999
Royal Society of New Zealand
1867,1933
1936
19
259
7.3
1999
US National Academy of Sciences
f
1863
1925
73
1647
4.4
3/17
1990
118
1904
6.2
3/17
1999
US National Academy of Engineering
46
1984
2.3
1999
Third World Academy of Sciences
1983
1983
16
351
4.6
1994
20
512
3.9
1/14
1999
142

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