Etan-main text

Appendix VI
Women and international and national prizes
(see also details of Nobel prizes in chapter 2)
1) International prizes
The Crafoord Prize, Sweden
Awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and established in
1980, the prize is to promote basic research in mathematics, astronomy, the
biosciences (particularly ecology), the geosciences and polyarthritis.
$500,000 prize.
0/31 female prize-winners
Kyoto Prizes
Three Kyoto Prizes are awarded annually in the categories of Basic Science,
Advanced Technology and Creative Arts and Moral Sciences to honour
lifetime achievement. They include a commemorative gold medal studded
with rubies and emeralds and a cash gift of $350,000.
Advanced Technology Prize
1/17 female prize-winners
Basic Sciences Prize
1/14 female prize-winners
The Lemelson-MIT Awards
Established in 1994, the national Lemelson-MIT Awards consist of the
world’s largest single prize for invention and innovation.
Lemelson-MIT prizes ($500,000)
0/6 female prize-winners
Lifetime Achievement Award (honorary)
2/5 female prize-winners
143

---

Science policies in the European Union
Japan Prize
Established in 1985, the Japan Prize is awarded to people from all parts of
the world whose original and outstanding achievements in science and
technology are recognised as having advanced the frontiers of knowledge
and served the cause of peace and prosperity for mankind. No distinction is
made as to nationality, occupation, race or sex. $500,000
0/38 female prize-winners
The Charles Stark Draper Prize
Established in 1988, the prize honours innovative engineering achievement
and its application to practice in ways that have contributed to human
welfare and freedom. The 1999 Draper Prize will carry an honorarium of
$500,000.
0/8 female prize-winners
The Bower Prize for Achievement in Science, US
Established in 1988 and awarded by the Franklin Institute, the award
includes a gold medallion and a cash prize of at least $250,000.
1/9 prize-winners female
Lasker Awards
Established in 1946, the monetary rewards of this prize are small but since
1946, 59 winners of Lasker recipients have gone on to win the Nobel prize.
Basic science awards 1946-1998
5/115 female winners (4.3%)
Clinical awards 1946-1998
6/113 female winners (5.3%)
Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine:
1.12 million euros for research plus a personal award of 62,000 euros.
2/44 female prize-winners
The Jung Prize for Medicine, Germany
Established in 1976, has a current value of 102-204,000 euros.
0/48 female prize-winners
Paul Ehrlich Prize and Ludwig Darmstaedter prize, Germany
Established in 1952, the Paul Ehrlich prize is ‘the most distinguished award
in biomedical research in Germany and one of the most important awards
in the world’. Award comprises 61,000 euros and a gold medal.
From 1952-1999:
5/99 female prize-winners (5.3%)
144

---

Prize Leopold Griffuel, ARC, France
Prize for oncology, established in 1990, has a current value of 106,000 euros.
2/29 female prize-winners
Prince of Asturias Prize, Spain
1981-present, no female winner in the sciences.
2) National prizes
US Medal of Science Winners
1990 – present
12/84 female winners (12.5%)
1962 – present
22 /359 female winners (6%)
Leibniz Prizes,Germany
Established 1986. Up to 1.5 million euros awarded for research
13/181 female winners (7.2%)
Max Planck Research Prize, Germany
Established in 1990. Awards of up to 128,000 euros for international
collaboration between a German scientist and a scientist working abroad.
So far, there have been 319 prize-winners.
Of those working in Germany
3/160 female (1.8%)
Of those working abroad
12/159 female (7.5%)
Prizes of French Physical Society
Prize Ricard, established 1971, 22,500 euros
1/29 females
Prize Robin, established 1917, 4,500 euros
2/61
The German-French (Gentner-Kastler Prize) and the French-English
(Holweck Prize) have thus far not been given to women.
Jaime I Prize, Spain
In 11 years: one woman awarded prize in research, and two in clinical
medicine.
Appendix 1V
145

---

---

AppendixVII
Denmark 1996
1
Applications
Grants
Success rate
Men
Women
% Women
Men
Women
%Women
Men
Women
Natural sciences
478
66
12%
259
31
11%
54%
47%
Medical research
443
176
28%
224
61
21%
51%
35%
Agricultural and Veterinary
98
28
22%
51
8
14%
52%
29%
Social science
132
50
27%
70
14
17%
53%
28%
Technical
152
11
7%
60
0
0%
39%
0%
Belgium, Fonds National de la
Recherche Scientifique, 1998-1999
2
Mandataires du FNRS et des fond
81
56
41%
associes aspirants
Chargés de recherche
40
21
34%
Chercheurs qualifiés
14
9
39%
Maîtres de recherche
5
1
20%
Directeurs de recherche
2
1
33%
Individual appointment
168
47
21%
78
25
24%
46%
53%
FRFC
700
117
14%
312
52
14%
45%
44%
FRSM (medical)
871
194
18%
565
121
18%
65%
62%
IISN (engineer nuclear)
72
3
4%
72
3
4%
100%
100%
Télévie (medical career oriented)
360
101
22%
201
63
24%
56%
62%
Finland, 1996 or 1997
3
Funds for appointment
Academy professors
84
14
14%
2
1
33%
2%
7%
Senior fellows
276
97
26%
43
15
26%
16%
15%
Junior fellows
307
180
37%
30
24
44%
10%
13%
Postdoc researchers
160
126
44%
23
19
45%
14%
15%
Academy research funds
1203
540
31%
443
199
31%
37%
37%
1
 Ministry of Research and Information Technology 1997
2
 Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique 1998-99
3
 Academy of Finland 1998
Information for the UK, Germany and Sweden is given in Chapter 4
Table VII.1: Research grants, by research council and sex applications and success rates
147

---

---

Appendix VIII
Women on committees that set science policy
(all data are for 1999 unless otherwise stated)
1) European organisations
Joint Research Centres
Board of Governors
0/16 female
European Science Foundation (see Chapter 5)
Human Frontier Science Programme
Each committee consists of 18 members: 2 from each Member State and 2
nominated by the EU.
Board of Trustees
4/18 female
Council of Scientists
3/18 female
Review Committees
3 have 3/18 and one has
4/18 female members.
European Molecular Biology Organisation (EMBO)
Council
3/22 female
Fellowship Committee
1/11 female (who chairs
the committee)
European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
Scientific Advisory Board
3/16 female (chair
female)
Federation of European Biochemical Societies (FEBS)
Executive Committee
1/9 female
149

---

Science policies in the European Union
2) Member States
Austria
Austrian Science Research Council
Presidents
0/5 female
Kuratorium
2/27 female
Belgium
National Research Science Fund (FNRS)
Only 13/26 scientific commissions have a woman.
Total number of women
14/128 (11%)
Industry and agriculture research training fund (FRIA)
Only 16/27 juries have a woman.
Total number of women
19 /99 (19.2%)
Flanders Fund for Scientific Research
Board
1/25 female (4%)
Denmark
Medical Research Council
6/15 female (40%)
Natural Sciences Council
4/15 female (27%)
Danish Cancer Society
1/14 female (7%)
Finland (1997)
Science and Technology Policy Council of Finland
4/17 (24%)
Academy of Finland
Board
2/7 female (29%)
Research Councils for Culture and Society, for
Health and for Environment and Natural
Resources each had
5/11 (45%).
Natural Sciences
1/11 (9%)
Experts consulted by the Academy  in 1996
114/653 female (17%)
Foundation Boards
46/356 (13%) female
(for an extensive breakdown, see the report Women in Academia)
France
Ministry of National Education, Research and Technology
National Council for Science
3/27 female
Higher Council for Research and Technology
President
female
Members
11/40 females
Directors for Research, for Technology
2 men
National Council for Higher Education
and Research (advises on general policies)
Members
14/01 female (23%)
150

---

National Council for Universities (appointment
and promotion of teaching staff)
Members
25% female
National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS)
Director
female
President
male
Board of Executives
5/20 female (25%)
a) 2/20 (10%)
Scientific Council
9/37 female (24%)
Directors of Scientific Departments:
Human and Social Sciences
female
Physical and Mathematical Sciences,
4 male
Engineering Sciences, Chemistry,
female
Sciences of Universe
Life Sciences
female; a) male
Department committees advisory the directors:
Nuclear Physics
0/5 female
Physical and Mathematical Sciences
2/17 female
Engineering Sciences
0/17 female
Chemistry
2/17 female
Science of Universe
0/13 female
Life Sciences
2/26 female
Human and Social Science
5/26 female
Only 1/40 scientific sections (Chemistry) has a woman president
a) before July 1999
National Institute for Agronomic Research (INRA)
Scientific Council
President and General Director
2 males
Members
5/26 females (19%)
Cancer Research Association (ARC)
Trustees
3/25 female
Scientific Council
0/14 female
Medical Research Foundation (FRM)
President
male
General Director
female
AIDS National Research Foundation
Director
male
Four scientific cells heads
2 men, 2 women
Germany
Volkswagen Foundation
Kuratorium (top outside advisory body)
2/14 female (female
chair)
Appendix VIII
151

---

Science policies in the European Union
Deutsche Krebshilfe (Cancer charity)
Executive Committee
1/10 female
Mildred Scheel Foundation
Medical Advisory Board
0/13 female
Scientific Advisory Board
2/12 female
Greece
National Advisory Board on research policy and funding
Physical and Mathematical Sciences
1/14 female
Biology-Biotechnology and Agriculture
1/10 female
Social Sciences, Humanities and Law
3/10 female
Medicine
3/10 female
Total
8/44 female (18.2%)
Italy
Italian National Research Council (CNR)
President
male
Board-elected members
1/4 female
Appointed by Ministry of S&T Research
0/4 female
Scientific Committee
0/20 female
Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC)
(Cancer charity)
Scientific Committee
2/14 female
Fellowship Committee
1/10 female
Telethon Italy
Board
1/12 female
Netherlands
NWO Council, plus councils responsible for
5/65 (7.7 %)
different disciplines
Portugal
Fundacao para a ciencia e tecnologia
President
male
Vice-presidents
1 male, 1 female
Directors
3 female
Spain
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
President
male
Board of Directors
9/27 female (33%)
Section Leaders
78/184 female (42%)
Scientific Personnel
624/2024 female  (31%)
152

---

Oficina de Ciencia y Tecnologia (OYCT)
Director
male
Vice-Director
2/0 female
Sweden
Medical Research Council
Board
9/20 female (45%)
Evaluation Committees
5/13 (38%)
headed by women, 41% of the committee members are women.
Natural Sciences Research Council
Board
36% female
Evaluation Committees:
19% female
Biology
28% female
Chemistry
35% female
Physics
10% female
Geology
16% female
Mathematics
18% female
The Cancer Foundation (private)
Research Board
3/22 female (14%)
Evaluation Committees
0/8 headed by women
A ‘working board’ consists of these 8, plus a chair. All nine are men.
Evaluators
13/73 female (18%)
UK
Council for Science and Technology (CST)
Members:
4/15 female (27%)
Research Councils:
Council for the Central Laboratories of the
3/11 (27%)
Research Councils
Particle Physics and Astronomy Research
1/13 (7.6%)
Council (PPARC)
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research
2/14 (14.2%)
Council (EPSRC)
Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) 3/16 (18%)
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research
3/16 (18%)
Council (BBSRC)
Medical Research Council (MRC)
3/14 (21%)
Economics and Social Research Council (ESRC) 5/14 (35.7%)
Total
20/98 (20%)
(NB in 1994 the four Natural Sciences Research Councils plus Council for
Science and Technology plus Technology Foresight Steering Group had
7/96 (7.3%) female members)
Wellcome Trust  (UK)
Governors
0/10 female
(Note that a woman, Bridget Ogilvie, was director of the Wellcome Trust
until 1998)
Imperial Cancer Research Fund
Scientific Advisory Board
0/10 female
Appendix VIII
153

---

---

Appendix IX
Eurogroups, One Time Grants and Networks
A competitive science base needs to be able to attract and retain the
brightest and best individuals into basic research in the Member States. This,
coupled with the fact that women are poorly represented in many areas of
science leads us to propose the following EUROGROUP scheme, to be
funded by the EU. Such a scheme is a logical extension to the Marie Curie
Fellowship, HCM, EMBO and HFSP schemes that have done so much to
increase international exchange and to train scientists in different disciplines
at the post-doctoral level. In the Fourth Framework Programme, 3,207
individuals were trained under the HCM Programme (see Chapter 4).
EUROGROUP leaders would be provided with their own salary, plus funds
for a technician and 25,000 euros per year for running costs. Each
EUROGROUP should be given a one off grant of 50,000 euros for
equipment. This would create a cost to the Framework Programme of
around 600,000 euros per group, assuming that groups are funded for five
years. 750 awards should be given for groups to be established during the
Sixth Framework Programme. The cost is estimated at around 43 million
euros or about 0.55% of the budget of the Fifth Framework Programme.
Selection should be based on the originality of the research plan and the
quality of the applicant.
To ensure the international nature of the programme, awards would be
restricted to:
•
those returning after at least two years abroad, in which case awards
could be held in the applicants’ country of origin or in a second
Member State;
•
applicants wishing to establish an EUROGROUP in an EU Member
State of which they are not a citizen or permanent resident, or to
develop their own project while associated with an existing group at an
institution within the Member State.
Awards would be ad personam. A minimum of 40% the awards should be
given to women and a minimum of 40% to men. The board allocating the
fellowships should be drawn from the EU Member States and be comprised
of equal numbers of women and men.  Provision should be made to bring
155

---

EUROGROUP winners together, thus encouraging international contact,
and for the exchange of personnel where appropriate between the different
EUROGROUPS.
One Time  Grants
They could be modelled on the short term EMBO or FEBS Fellowships
but be open to all disciplines, or it could be modelled in part on the HSP
Programme in Germany which provides contact stipends, re-entry stipends
and work contracts for women scientists who interrupt their careers.
Another possibility would be to include aspects of the POWRE
(Professional Opportunities for Women in Research and Education)
programme at the US NSF. BIOPOWRE awards are ‘designed to provide a
one time input of funds at a critical stage in the Principal Investigator’s
career, a means by which she can take advantage of an opportunity that will
contribute to a significant, identifiable advance in her career path’.
HYPERLINK http://www.nsf.gov/bio/puns/powre/bpowre00.htm
Networks
The development of networks linking individuals interested in different
disciplines or different topics can be a means of exchanging information
and connecting individual scientists in the different Member States.
Member States should also be encouraged to consider funding along the
lines suggested above. Availability of additional funds within the Member
States for instance for ad personam junior groups, modelled on the
Eurogroups described above, would reduce dropout. Attention is drawn in
particular to two such programmes already in existence - the Dorothy
Hodgkin Programme in the UK, which is set up to be woman-friendly and
the Emmy Noether Programme that has just been initiated in Germany.
Both are described in Chapter 4. In addition Member States could also
consider funding One Time Grants and Networks, as well as Positive Action
Programmes of the types listed on page 92.
156

---

© Jacky Fleming, Be a bloody train driver, Penguin, 1991

---

Interested in
European research?
RTD info is our quarterly magazine which will keep you in touch with the
main developments: results, programmes, events, etc. Write, fax or e-mail for
a free sample copy, or a free subscription, to:
Research Directorate-General, Communication Unit
European Commission
200 rue de la Loi/Wetstraat, B-1049 Brussels
Fax: [phone]
e-mail: [e-mail]
http://europa.eu.int/comm/dg12/rtdinfo.html
(If you would like your copy in French or German instead of English,
just let us know)
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Research Directorate-General/F – Improving human research potential and
the socio-economic knowledge base
Contact: N. Dewandre – rue de la Loi, 200 (SDME 3/82), B-1049 Brussels
e-mail: [e-mail]