Science policies
in the European Union
Finally
•
The European Commission should commission a project which
documents best practice in supporting women in science in the Member
States (drawing on the networks).
•
Institutions employing scientists should produce annual statistics on
gender monitoring.
The next European Commission and the new European Parliament should
continue to support the serious commitments that have been made to gender
and sciences in the Fifth Framework Programme, and help facilitate the
creation, maintenance and strengthening of a European network of women
scientists.
134
Appendix III
Table III.1: Percentage of women in the professoriat and among academic
staff in universities in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden
Percentage women in the professoriat (1996)
(Percentage women among academic staff [1995])
Denmark
Finland
Norway
Sweden
Humanities
10
(33)
28
(47)
18
(36)
18
(43)
Social
Sciences
11
(23)
20
(41)
11
(34)
11
(33)
Natural Sciences
1
(19)
8
(27)
7
(21)
5
(26)
Agriculture and
5
(36)
31
(48)
6
(25)
11
(37)
Veterinary Medicine
Health Sciences
8
(31)
19
(47)
13
(34)
6
(40)
Technology
2
(13)
5
(17)
2
(12)
4
(17)
Total
7
(24)
17
(36)
10
(29)
8
(33)
Source: Ståhle (1997)
This appendix provides further information necessary to interpret Table 2.1
on page 10. This table shows the percentage of academic staff at each level
that are female for all disciplines combined. Other data in this appendix
provides some data for academic staff in the Member States broken down
by discipline.
Breakdown of academic staff in Scandinavia
Breakdown of academic staff in other Member
States
In France and Italy, data are given for universities and national research
institutions – CNRS in France and CNR in Italy. In these countries, the
percentage of women in top positions seems higher in the research
institutions than in the universities.
The indicator – number of women in the highest position/total
number of
women in the same discipline – expresses the chance for a women to be
promoted. In CNRS, in disciplines such as Chemistry or Life Sciences
where women are more numerous, their chances of promotion are smaller
than for example Physics. The corresponding
indicators for men in these
disciplines would be Chemistry 48%, Life Sciences 45%, Physics and
mathematics 39%.
The proportion of professors that are female in the Netherlands and the UK
is extremely low, even in the Humanities.
135
Science policies in the European Union
Table:III.2: Percentage of women among academic staff in universities and research institutes,
by discipline and level
France, univ. 97
Law
Literature
Sciences
Health
total
Professeurs
14
27
9
10
14
Maîtres de conf
33
46
29
48
34
P/(P+MdC)
20
37
14
23
22
Source: Ministry of National Education, Research and Technology, Direction of Prospective and Development note 99
F, CNRS, 12/96
Nuclear
Physics Engineering Chemical
Universe
Life
Human and
Total
physics
and
sciences
sciences
sciences sciences
social
mathematics
sciences
Direct
recherche
10
14
8
17
17
31
30
21
Chargé recherche
22
23
21
44
30
46
45
37
Dir/total
13
32
17
25
27
30
27
28
Source: CNRS data base
Italy, univ 1994
Bio-
Technology
Arts
Social
Other
Total 97
medicine
sciences
full professors
10
5
22
8
8
11
Associate professors
24
14
43
23
24
27
Researchers
34
24
60
37
41
total
25
14
45
24
25
Source: National
Research Council
Italy, CNR 1997
Biology Technology
Chemistry
Mathe-
Social
Humanities
Total
physics
matics
sciences
Directors
22
15
5
27
46
42
13
Senior
52
20
18
65
43
56
26
Researchers
45
29
33
47
33
72
36
total
44
25
25
44
53
54
30
Source: National Research Council
Netherlands 97
Agriculture Nature Technology
Health
Economics
Law
Behaviour Language
All
and
and
disciplines
social
cultural
1997
sciences
sciences
HGL (prof)
7
2
2
5
2
6
8
11
5
UHD (assoc prof)
5
4
2
8
2
18
13
14
8
UD (assist prof)
13
10
7
23
13
38
25
27
OVWP (oth acad)
31
21
16
43
23
44
44
47
AIO (grad assist)
44
31
19
57
21
50
59
44
Source : WOPI 1998 VSNU
UK 1996/7
Medicine Biological
Chemistry Mathe-
IT and
Physics
Engineering
All
and
sciences
matics
Systems
and
disciplines
dentistry
sciences
technology
professors
7
6
0
3
8
1
1
9
senior lecturer
19
12
4
7
15
4
4
18
lecturer
33
26
12
18
21
9
10
33
postgraduate
52
52
34
27
24
19
17
45
research only
53
37
15
23
25
8
12
36
from the Higher Education Statistics Agency. Staff involved in teaching and research, all ‘wholly university funded’
Includes the staff of the former colleges and polytechnics which became ‘new universities’ in 1993-4
136
